{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T20:59:38Z","timestamp":1778446778076,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centr\u0101l\u0101 Laboratorija"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: the upper respiratory tract harbors the highest bacterial density in the whole respiratory system. Adenoids, which are located in the nasopharynx, are a major site of bacterial colonies in the upper airways. Our goal was to use culture-independent molecular techniques to identify the breadth of bacterial diversity in the adenoid vegetations of children suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and obstructive sleep apnea. Materials and methods: in total, 21 adenoid samples were investigated using amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: among the most common bacterial species found were Veillonella atypica, Fusobactrium nucelatum, Shaalia odontolytica, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Veillonella atypica and Fusbacteriumnucelatum dominated the microbiome in all 21 samples, attributing to more than 60% of all detected genetic material. Conclusions: since both Veillonella atypica and Fusobacterium nucleatum are, predominantly, oral cavity and dental microorganisms, our findings may suggest oral microbiome migration deeper into the oropharynx and nasopharynx where these bacteria colonize adenoid vegetations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58070920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T21:57:53Z","timestamp":1657576673000},"page":"920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Overview of Adenoid Microbiome Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing-Based Metagenomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7146-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O\u013cegs","family":"Sokolovs-Karijs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 R\u012bga, Latvia"},{"name":"AIWA Clinic, 241 Maskavas Str., LV-1019 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monta","family":"Br\u012bv\u012bba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, R\u0101tsup\u012btes Str. 1, LV-1067 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rihards","family":"Saksis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, R\u0101tsup\u012btes Str. 1, LV-1067 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunta","family":"Sumeraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Girotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u0101rs","family":"Erts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Latvian University, Raina Blvd. 19, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Os\u012bte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centr\u0101l\u0101 Laboratorija, \u0160arlotes Str. 1b, LV-1011 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0726-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Kr\u016bmi\u0146a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectology, Medical Faculty, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 16 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.14","article-title":"The microbiota of the respiratory tract: Gatekeeper to respiratory health","volume":"15","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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