{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:14:46Z","timestamp":1782742486519,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.1\/170\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.1\/170\/43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The elicitation of a host\u2019s immune\u2013inflammatory responses to overcome oral bacterial biofilm challenges is mediated by numerous cytokines. We explored the role of three such cytokines, viz. interleukin (IL)-17, 18 and 21, by measuring their levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of Indian individuals with healthy gingiva, chronic gingivitis, or chronic periodontitis. Materials and Method: Ninety systemically healthy individuals were enrolled in the study on the basis of predefined criteria and were categorized into three groups of 30 participants each. Groups A, B and C were composed of a control group with healthy gingiva, subjects with chronic gingivitis and subjects with chronic periodontitis, respectively. The periodontal disease status was assessed on the basis of a subject\u2019s gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and radiographic evidence of bone loss. After the complete history-taking and identification of gingival sulcus\/pocket depth areas for GCF collection, a sample was collected from each subject in all groups for an estimation of the cytokine levels using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v 21.0. Intergroup comparisons were conducted using a post hoc Tukey\u2019s test. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean IL-17, 18 and 21 concentrations in pg\/mL was the greatest for Group C (99.67 \u00b1 18.85, 144.61 \u00b1 20.83 and 69.67 \u00b1 12.46, respectively), followed by Group B (19.27 \u00b1 2.78, 22.27 \u00b1 2.43 and 22.74 \u00b1 1.43, respectively) and finally by Group A (healthy control; 11.56 \u00b1 0.99, 17.94 \u00b1 1.24 and 12.83 \u00b1 1.21 respectively). A statistically significant difference in the mean concentrations of two interleukins (IL-17 and IL-18) was observed between Groups A and C and also between Groups B and C. A statistically significant difference in the mean concentrations of IL-21 was observed between Groups B and C. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, the findings revealed that the GCF levels of IL-17, IL-18 and IL-21 rose and correlated well with the severity of the disease. Thus, these cytokines present in GCF have the potential to be considered as biomarkers for periodontal tissue destruction. IL-21 in particular appears to be a promising biomarker for differentiating between gingivitis and periodontitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58081042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T23:33:01Z","timestamp":1659569581000},"page":"1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Interleukin-17, 18 and 21 in Different Stages of Periodontal Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Nair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Burdwan Dental College and Hospital, Burdwan 713101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7492-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishakha","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology & Oral Implantology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suraj","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gotam","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anchal","family":"Ohri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology & Oral Implantology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Sainudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61321, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Saluja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JCD Dental College, Sirsa 125055, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arindam","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Siliguri 734101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20171212","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171212","article-title":"Association of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) gene promoter polymorphisms with aggressive and chronic periodontitis in the eastern Indian population","volume":"38","author":"Majumder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. 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