{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:21:12Z","timestamp":1791346872970,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: A cross-sectional single-center study was conducted to investigate the etiology in hypertensive anterior uveitis whose clinical features are not fully distinctive from cytomegalovirus or from rubella virus and to demonstrate the possible coexistence of both these viruses in causing anterior uveitis. Materials and Methods: The clinical charts of a cohort of patients with hypertensive viral anterior uveitis of uncertain origin consecutively seen in a single center from 2019 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed; data on the clinical features, aqueous polymerase chain reaction, and antibody response to cytomegalovirus and rubella virus were collected. Results: Forty-three eyes of as many subjects with viral anterior uveitis of uncertain origin were included. Thirty-two patients had an aqueous polymerase chain reaction or antibody index positive to cytomegalovirus only, while 11 cases had an aqueous antibody response to both cytomegalovirus and rubella virus. This latter overlapping group had a statistically significant higher rate of hypochromia and anterior vitritis (p-value: 0.02 and &lt; 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: The simultaneous presence of intraocular antibodies against cytomegalovirus and rubella virus could redefine the differential diagnosis of hypertensive viral anterior uveitis, demonstrating a possible \u201cconverged\u201d immune pathway consisting in a variety of stimuli.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58081054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T02:12:39Z","timestamp":1659665559000},"page":"1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Aqueous Humor Analysis in Overlapping Clinical Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus and Rubella Virus Anterior Uveitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Gozzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Belloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Aldigeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mastrofilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1471-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-0153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Bolletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Alessandrello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ophthalmology Clinic, University Hospital of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6830-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Bonacini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8622-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Croci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zerbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Maria","family":"Cavallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, with Interest in Transplants, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Salvarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, with Interest in Transplants, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7956-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, with Interest in Transplants, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32834be021","article-title":"Viral anterior uveitis","volume":"22","author":"Jap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. 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