{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:05:26Z","timestamp":1791561926218,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital","award":["110TMU-TMUH-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110TMU-TMUH-10"]}]},{"name":"Taipei Medical University Hospital","award":["111TMU-TMUH-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111TMU-TMUH-12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Probiotic supplementation can prevent and alleviate gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in healthy individuals. Markers released from the site of inflammation are involved in the response to infection or tissue injury. Therefore, we measured the pre-exercise and postexercise levels of inflammation-related markers\u2014tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, and C-reactive protein (CRP)\u2014in probiotic versus placebo groups to investigate the effects of probiotics on these markers in athletes. Probiotics contained multiple species (e.g., Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, etc.). Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic search for studies published until May 2022 and included nine randomized clinical trials. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guideline. Fixed-effects meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed. Subgroup analyses were conducted on the basis of the period of probiotic intervention and timing of postassessment blood sampling. Results: The levels of IFN-\u03b3 and salivary IgA exhibited a significant positive change, whereas those of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 demonstrated a negative change in the probiotic group. The subgroup analysis revealed that the probiotic group exhibited significant negative changes in TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 levels in the shorter intervention period. For the subgroup based on the timing of postassessment blood sampling, the subgroup whose blood sample collection was delayed to at least the next day of exercise exhibited significant negative changes in their TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 levels. The subgroups whose blood samples were collected immediately after exercise demonstrated negative changes in their TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, and IL-10 levels. Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation resulted in significant positive changes in the IFN-\u03b3 and salivary IgA levels and negative changes in the IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1 levels. No significant changes in the IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, or CRP levels were observed after probiotic use in athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T01:50:51Z","timestamp":1661997051000},"page":"1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Immune and Inflammatory Markers in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ting","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ching","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Yen","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeng-Cheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, College of Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4376-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Hsuan","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation & Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14157","article-title":"Systematic review: Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome-implications for health and intestinal disease","volume":"46","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. 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