{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:08:38Z","timestamp":1788588518266,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Consequences due to infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus can have a direct impact on skeletal muscle, due to the fact that both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue show robust ACE2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) expression, suggesting a potential susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in both types of tissues. From the articles analyzed we concluded that the musculoskeletal damage is firstly produced by the inflammatory effects, cytokine storm and muscle catabolism. However, myopathy, polyneuropathy and therapies such as corticoids were also considered important factors in muscle fatigue and functional incapacity. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs and early mobilization had a highly contribution during the acute phase and post-illness recovery process and helped patients to reduce dyspnea, increase the capacity of physical effort, overcome psychological disorders and improved the quality of their life. Materials and Methods: We have included in this review 33 articles that contain data on muscle damage following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We used the following keywords to search for articles: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, muscle weakness, muscle disease, muscle fatigue, neurological disorders. As a search strategy we used PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and Health Technology Assessment Database to collect the information. We also have chosen the most recent articles published in the last 5 years. Conclusions: Muscular damage, as well as the decrease in the quality of life, are often a consequence of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection through: systemic inflammation, corticotherapy, prolonged bed rest and other unknown factors. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs and early mobilization had a highly contribution during the acute phase and post-illness recovery process and helped patients to reduce dyspnea, increase the capacity of physical effort, overcome psychological disorders and improve the quality of their life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:19:01Z","timestamp":1662077941000},"page":"1199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Effects of COVID-19 on Skeletal Muscles, Muscle Fatigue and Rehabilitation Programs Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camelia Corina","family":"Pescaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelina","family":"Mari\u021bescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela Oana","family":"Costin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Tr\u0103il\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1160-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Stelu\u021ba","family":"Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5270-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Adriana","family":"Tru\u0219culescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Pescaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2083-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian Iulian","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Research and Innovation in Precision Medicine of Respiratory Diseases (CRIPMRD), \u2018Victor Babes\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25785","article-title":"Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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