{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T18:19:23Z","timestamp":1782757163749,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004035","name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["637\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004035","name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G00003632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G00003632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["637\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["637\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G00003632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G00003632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Vitamin D is involved in pancreatic beta-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation. Further, elevation in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has been implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) pathology. However, the relationship between vitamin D and BCAAs in T2DM remains unclear. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and BCAAs in T2DM. Materials and Methods: In total, 230 participants (137 with T2DM and 93 healthy controls) were recruited in a cross-sectional study. Furthermore, an additional follow-up study was performed, including 20 T2DM patients with vitamin D deficiency. These patients were prescribed weekly vitamin D tablets (50,000 IU) for three months. The levels of several biochemical parameters were examined at the end of the vitamin D supplementation. Results: The results showed that patients with T2DM had higher serum levels of BCAAs and lower serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) compared with those of the healthy controls (p &lt; 0.01). The serum levels of vitamin D were negatively correlated with BCAA levels in T2DM patients (r = \u22120.1731, p &lt; 0.05). In the follow-up study, 25(OH)D levels were significantly improved (p &lt; 0.001) following vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced the levels of BCAAs, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: Overall, these results suggest a role for BCAAs and vitamin D in the etiology and progression of T2DM. Thus, managing vitamin D deficiency in patients with T2DM may improve glycemic control and lower BCAA levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T22:37:28Z","timestamp":1663108648000},"page":"1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Normalization of Vitamin D Serum Levels in Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus Reduces Levels of Branched Chain Amino Acids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Alfaqih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebras Y.","family":"Melhem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"F. Khabour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-Dwairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-4865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Elsalem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9226-0701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasnim G.","family":"Alsaqer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0105-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Z.","family":"Allouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-016-0039-3","article-title":"Diabetes and its drivers: The largest epidemic in human history?","volume":"3","author":"Zimmet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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