{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T14:45:24Z","timestamp":1791643524958,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008130","name":"Pusan National University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Backgroundand Objectives: To date, imaging characterization of non-rheumatic retro-odontoid pseudotumors (NRROPs) has been lacking; therefore, NRROPs have been confused with atlantoaxial joint involvement of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is important to differentiate these two disease because the treatment strategies may differ. The purpose of this study is to characterize imaging findings of NRROPs and compare them with those of RA. Material and Methods: From January 2015 to December 2019, 27 patients (14 women and 13 men) with NRROPs and 19 patients (15 women and 4 men) with RA were enrolled in this study. We evaluated various imaging findings, including atlantoaxial instability (AAI), and measured the maximum diameter of preodontoid and retro-odontoid spaces with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Results: Statistical significance was considered for p &lt; 0.05. AAI was detected in eight patients with NRROPs and in all patients with RA (p &lt; 0.0001). Seventeen patients with NRROPs and six patients with RA showed spinal cord compression (p = 0.047). Compressive myelopathy was observed in 14 patients with NRROPs and in 4 patients with RA (p = 0.048). Subaxial degeneration was observed in 25 patients with NRROPs and in 9 patients with RA (p = 0.001). Moreover, C2-3 disc abnormalities were observed in 11 patients with NRROPs and in 2 patients with RA (p = 0.02). Axial and longitudinal diameter of retro-odontoid soft tissue and preodontoid and retro-odontoid spaces showed significant differences between NRROP and RA patients (p &lt; 0.0001). Furthermore, CT AAI measurements were differed significantly between NRROP and RA patients (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: NRROPs showed prominent retro-odontoid soft tissue thickening, causing compressive myelopathy and a high frequency of subaxial and C2-3 degeneration without AAI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58091307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T04:28:55Z","timestamp":1663648135000},"page":"1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Imaging Characterization of Non-Rheumatoid Retro-Odontoid Pseudotumors: Comparison with Atlantoaxial Manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8948-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Seon","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Sook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5029-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung-Hyup","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7193-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Ho","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwangbo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeon-Joo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0328-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-A","family":"Yeom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179, Gudeok-ro, Busan 49241, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040402.201","article-title":"Retro-odontoid pseudotumor formation in the context of various acquired and congenital pathologies of the craniovertebral junction and surgical techniques","volume":"18","author":"Fiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62515-7_37","article-title":"Retro-odontoid degenerative pseudotumour causing spinal cord compression and myelopathy: Current evidence on the role of posterior C1\u2013C2 fixation in treatment","volume":"125","author":"Certo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. 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