{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T13:00:50Z","timestamp":1774702850942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether a non-contact sensor that detects complexion changes can be used to assess the psychological state of patients with chronic lower back pain (LBP). Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients with LBP (LBP group; mean age = 68.0 \u00b1 13.9 years) and 18 control subjects without LBP (control group; mean age = 60.8 \u00b1 16.1 years) were included in the study. All the subjects in the two groups wore headphones when asked LBP-related and LBP-unrelated questions. During questioning, the facial image of the subjects was captured using a video camera, and the complexion of the subjects was converted into red, green, and blue (RGB) values. RGB correlation coefficients (RGBCCs; range: 0\u20131) represent the difference in complexion between LBP-related and LBP-unrelated questions. A high RGBCC indicates that the brain is more activated by LBP-related questions than by LBP-unrelated questions. We also noted the scores of subjects on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Japanese Orthopedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: There were no significant differences in RGBCC between the control and LBP groups (0.64 versus 0.56, p = 0.08). In the LBP group, no correlation was observed between RGBCC and each examination item of NRS, JOABPEQ, and HADS. In contrast, a correlation was observed between RGBCC and the rumination subscale of PCS in the LBP group (Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient = 0.40, p = 0.04). Conclusions: The complexion of patients with catastrophic thinking changes when the patients are asked LBP-related questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T05:08:02Z","timestamp":1665983282000},"page":"1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship between Facial Color Changes and Psychological Problems Associated with Lower Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-4658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Tanishima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0909-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasunori","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Human Sciences Institute for Liberal Arts Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chikako","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tokumitsu","family":"Mihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Masuda Red Cross Hospital, Shimane 698-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Systems Division, Daikin Industries, LTD., Osaka 530-8323, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Systems Division, Daikin Industries, LTD., Osaka 530-8323, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Hirayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Systems Division, Daikin Industries, LTD., Osaka 530-8323, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hashizume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Systems Division, Daikin Industries, LTD., Osaka 530-8323, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junichiro","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology and Innovation Center, Daikin Industries, LTD., Osaka 566-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daichi","family":"Mukunoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Yowa Hospital, Tottori 683-0841, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor Organs, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Tottori 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00301-4","article-title":"Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: An examination in a nationally representative sample","volume":"106","author":"McWilliams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009","article-title":"The economic costs of pain in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Gaskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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