{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:43:59Z","timestamp":1760244239227,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1 R44 DA051243-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R44 DA051243-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The opioid epidemic has permeated all strata of society over the last two decades, especially within the adolescent student athletic environment, a group particularly at risk and presenting their own challenges for science and practice. This paper (a) describes the development of a web-based intervention called the Student Athlete Wellness Portal that models effective opioid misuse resistance strategies and (b) details the findings of a single-group design to test its effectiveness. Materials and Methods: Formative research included 35 student athletes residing in the United States, ages 14 to 21, who had been injured in their school-based sport. They participated in in-depth qualitative interviews to explore narratives relating to their injuries and pain management plans. Inductive analyses of interview transcripts revealed themes of the challenges of being a student athlete, manageable vs. unmanageable pain, and ways to stay healthy. These themes were translated into prevention messages for the portal, which was then tested in a single-group design. Results: Users of the portal (n = 102) showed significant decreases in their willingness to misuse opioids and increases in their perceptions of opioid risks. Conclusions: This manuscript illuminates the processes involved in translating basic research knowledge into intervention scripts and reveals the promising effects of a technology-based wellness portal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58111642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T02:32:01Z","timestamp":1668393121000},"page":"1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Student Athlete Wellness Portal: Translating Student Athletes\u2019 Prescription Opioid Use Narratives into a Targeted Public Health Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9735-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne E.","family":"Pezalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HyeJeong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Andrews Development, York, PA 17401, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Miller-Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communications, Communications Studies, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0261-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"REAL Prevention LLC, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12657","article-title":"Sports involvement, injury history, and non-medical use of prescription opioids among college students: An analysis with a national sample","volume":"27","author":"Ford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (2022, July 01). Opioid Overdose Crisis, Available online: https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drugs-abuse\/opioids\/opioid-overdose-crisis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.09.021","article-title":"Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids and Heroin Use Among Adolescents Involved in Competitive Sports","volume":"60","author":"Veliz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.12.016","article-title":"The Opioid Pandemic and American High School Athletes","volume":"60","author":"Brennan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120933542","article-title":"Opioid Use in Athletes: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Ekhtiari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2015.1115795","article-title":"Nonmedical Use of Prescription Opioids and Injury Risk Among Youth","volume":"25","author":"Pulver","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.09.002","article-title":"Painfully obvious: A lon-gitudinal examination of medical use and misuse of opioid medication among adolescent sports participants","volume":"54","author":"Veliz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2014.983219","article-title":"Opioid Use Among Interscholastic Sports Participants: An Exploratory Study from a Sample of College Students","volume":"86","author":"Veliz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Markiewicz, J., Swanberg, K., and Weis, M. (2017). Awareness, Education, and Collaboration: Promising School-based Opioid Prevention Approaches. SAMHSA, 1\u201315."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-020-01937-5","article-title":"HPV Vaccine Intent among Adult Women Receiving Care at Community Health Centers","volume":"37","author":"Hecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00948705.2016.1277949","article-title":"Sport, fiction, and the stories they tell","volume":"44","author":"Kretchmar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Philos. Sport"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2012.762861","article-title":"Narrative Means to Preventative Ends: A Narrative Engagement Framework for Designing Prevention Interventions","volume":"28","author":"Hecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0081","article-title":"\u201cHand in Glove\u201d: Using qualitative methods to connect research and prac-tice","volume":"12","author":"Harper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.12878","article-title":"Learning to Play Through Pain and Injury: An Examination of Social Learning Theory Among Iranian Athletes","volume":"102","author":"Kabiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.04.013","article-title":"Crisis-transitions in athletes: Current emphases on cognitive and contextual factors","volume":"16","author":"Stambulova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trakman, G.L., Forsyth, A., Devlin, B.L., and Belski, R. (2016). A Systematic Review of Athletes\u2019 and Coaches\u2019 Nutrition Knowledge and Reflections on the Quality of Current Nutrition Knowledge Measures. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090570"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corman, S.R., Adame, B.J., Tsai, J.Y., Ruston, S.W., Beaumont, J.S., Kamrath, J.K., Liu, Y., Posteher, K.A., Tremblay, R., and van Raalte, L.J. (2019). Socioec-ological influences on concussion reporting by NCAA Division 1 athletes in high-risk sports. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215424"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis: Common phases, strategic differences","volume":"2","author":"Baptiste","year":"2001","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Sozi-Alforschung"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics (2001). Medical conditions affecting sports participation. Pediatrics, 107, 1205\u20131209.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1205"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2010.03.005","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adoles-cents","volume":"19","author":"Griffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02879904","article-title":"Narrative communication in cancer prevention and control: A framework to guide research and application","volume":"33","author":"Kreuter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.2.13","article-title":"Sport Concussion Management Using Facebook: A Feasibility Study of an Innovative Adjunct \u201ciCon\u201d","volume":"52","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"4","article-title":"SUS: A \u2019Quick and Dirty\u2019 Usability Scale","volume":"189","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Eval. Ind."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/108107396127988","article-title":"Predicting risk behaviors: Development and validation of a diagnostic scale","volume":"1","author":"Witte","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819702400205","article-title":"How D.A.R.E. Works: An Examination of Program Effects on Mediating Variables","volume":"24","author":"Hansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2015.21.2.125","article-title":"Effects of Mobile Phone-Based App Learning Compared to Computer-Based Web Learning on Nursing Students: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Inform. Res."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/11\/1642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:33Z","timestamp":1760145453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/11\/1642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina58111642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58111642","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}