{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:43:51Z","timestamp":1760244231765,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of computed tomography (CT) has led to the increased recognition of cystic lung lesions. Multiple pulmonary cysts can be observed in heterogeneous disorders called diffuse cystic lung diseases (DCLDs), which include pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, and Birt\u2013Hogg\u2013Dub\u00e9 syndrome. Recently, airspace enlargement with fibrosis (AEF) has been recognized as an entity on the spectrum of smoking-related lung diseases. We report a young male heavy smoker presenting diffuse pulmonary cysts on chest CT with suspected DCLD. However, histopathological examination of the surgical biopsy specimen revealed dilated emphysematous cysts with prominent mural fibrosis, consistent with AEF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58111648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T02:27:34Z","timestamp":1668565654000},"page":"1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Airspace Enlargement with Fibrosis in a Young Heavy Smoker Mimicking Diffuse Cystic Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kyungsoo","family":"Bae","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo Jung","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2267-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Nyeo","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon 51472, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0057","article-title":"A Stepwise Diagnostic Approach to Cystic Lung Diseases for Radiologists","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-010-0050-7","article-title":"A practical approach to cystic lung disease on HRCT","volume":"2","author":"Beddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-014-0338-0","article-title":"Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: The many faces of presentation at initial CT scan","volume":"5","author":"Castoldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03183.x","article-title":"Smoking-related changes in the background lung of specimens resected for lung cancer: A semiquantitative study with correlation to postoperative course","volume":"53","author":"Kawabata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1483ST","article-title":"An official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias","volume":"188","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.01.015","article-title":"Multiple, thin-walled cysts are one of the HRCT features of airspace enlargement with fibrosis","volume":"84","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0765-z","article-title":"Diffuse smoking-related lung diseases: Insights from a radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"10","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.12054","article-title":"Airspace enlargement with fibrosis shows characteristic histology and immunohistology different from usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and centrilobular emphysema","volume":"63","author":"Yamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.02.027","article-title":"Smoking-Related Diffuse Cystic Lung Disease","volume":"154","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/11\/1648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:21Z","timestamp":1760145501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/11\/1648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina58111648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58111648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]}}}