{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:46:12Z","timestamp":1790297172462,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Facial weakness is the most important complication of parotid gland tumor surgery. The aims of this study are as follows: (1) assessment of the prevalence of postparotidectomy facial nerve dysfunction; (2) clinical and electrophysiological assessment of the facial nerve function before parotidectomy and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively; (3) assessment of the association of postoperative facial palsy with selected risk factors; and (4) assessment of the correlation between the results of clinical and neurophysiological assessments of facial nerve function. Materials and Methods: This study comprised 50 patients (aged 24\u201375 years) who underwent parotidectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology in Zabrze, Poland between 2015 and 2017. The evaluation included neurological, clinical and electrophysiological assessments of the facial nerve prior to surgery and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Results: No facial palsy was found preoperatively or 6 months postoperatively. Facial nerve dysfunction was found in 74% of patients 1 month postoperatively. In most cases (54%), paresis was mild or moderate (House\u2013Brackmann grades II and III). The results of electrophysiological tests before parotidectomy were either normal or showed some mild abnormalities. We found a statistically significant correlation between the clinical assessment of the facial nerve function (based on the House\u2013Brackmann scale) one month postoperatively and the latency of the CMAP response from the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles. In all three studies, a statistically significant correlation was found between the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the orbicularis oris muscle and the degree of facial nerve weakness. Conclusions: The factors that may influence the risk of postoperative facial nerve paralysis (prolonged surgical time and the size and location of the tumor other than in the superficial lobe only) may indirectly suggest that surgery-related difficulties and\/or surgeon experience could be crucial to surgery safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1669343363000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prospective Assessment of Risk Factors Influencing Facial Nerve Paresis in Patients after Surgery for Parotid Gland Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"G\u0142uszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Pediatric Neurology, The Independent Public Clinical Hospital no. 6 of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, John Paul II Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5204-0344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Adamczyk-Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Misio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"\u015acierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology in Zabrze, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.129.9.940","article-title":"Preoperative and postoperative electroneurographic facial nerve monitoring in patients with parotid tumors","volume":"129","author":"Aimoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24496","article-title":"Complications after surgery for benign parotid gland neoplasms: A prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Ruohoalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20801","article-title":"Postoperative complications after extracapsular dissection of benign parotid lesions with particular reference to facial nerve function","volume":"120","author":"Klintworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2009.10.004","article-title":"Major and minor salivary gland tumors","volume":"74","author":"Guzzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"302","article-title":"Intraoperative facial nerve monitoring for parotid gland surgery","volume":"64","author":"Huber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199905000-00014","article-title":"Postparotidectomy facial nerve paralysis: Possible etiologic factors and results with routine facial nerve monitoring","volume":"109","author":"Dulguerov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-005-3146-9","article-title":"Facial nerve function after parotidectomy for neoplasms with deep localization","volume":"36","author":"Marchesi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esslen, E. (1977). The Acute Facial Palsies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66534-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3032-4","article-title":"Correlations between the clinical, histological and neurophysiological examinations in patients before and after parotid gland tumor surgery: Verification of facial nerve transmission","volume":"272","author":"Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176700","article-title":"A comparison of electroneuronography with facial nerve latency testing for prognostic accuracy in patients with Bell\u2019s palsy","volume":"253","author":"Danielides","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0347(199803)20:2<124::AID-HED5>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Preoperative electroneurography (EnoG) in parotid surgery: Assessment of facial nerve outcome and involvement by tumor\u2014A preliminary study","volume":"20","author":"Bendet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2007.05.010","article-title":"The range and demographics of salivary gland tumors diagnosed in UK population","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988509300202","article-title":"Facial nerve grading system","volume":"93","author":"House","year":"1985","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31815d8e68","article-title":"Prognostic value of electroneurography and electromyography in facial palsy","volume":"118","author":"Grosheva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2013.06.016","article-title":"Facial nerve: From anatomy to pathology","volume":"94","author":"Toulgoat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"319","article-title":"Blink reflex in the prediction of outcome of idiopathic peripheral partial facioparesis: Follow-up study","volume":"43","author":"Mikula","year":"2002","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2743","article-title":"Superficial parotidectomy versus partial superficial parotidectomy in treating benign parotid tumors","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000154735.61775.cd","article-title":"Facial nerve dysfunction after parotidectomy: The role of local factors","volume":"115","author":"Gaillard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70173-7","article-title":"Facial nerve function after partial superficial parotidectomy: An 11-year review (1987\u20131997)","volume":"121","author":"Witt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"57","article-title":"Study on prediction of involvement in facial nerve in the patients with parotid tumors by using facial electroneurography","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/12\/1726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:28Z","timestamp":1760145988000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/58\/12\/1726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina58121726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58121726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]}}}