{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:12:34Z","timestamp":1791346354877,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The spinous foramen (FS) of the skull is an opening located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull, and it includes the middle meningeal vessels and the meningeal branch of the mandibular trigeminal nerve. The FS is commonly used as an anatomical landmark in neurosurgical procedures and neuroimaging of the middle cranial fossa because of its relationship with other cranial foramina and surrounding vascular and nervous structures. Thus, specific knowledge of its topography and possible anatomical variations is important regarding some surgical interventions and skull imaging. The aim of this study was to provide further details on the morphology of the FS of the skull by evaluating its topographic and morphometric relationships and correlating the findings with clinical practice. Materials and Methods: Thirty dried skulls of human skeletons from body donors from the collection of the Laboratory of Anatomical Microdissection at a medical school were used. The metric dimensions and variations of the FS and its relationship with adjacent bone structures were analyzed with an interface digital microscope. Results: The results showed the bilateral presence of the FS in all skulls; however, differences were observed in the shape, diameter, and topography in relation to the foramen ovale and the spine of the sphenoid. The FS was present in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone; however, in one skull, it was located in the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process. The FS was smaller than the foramen ovale. A round and oval FS shape was the most common (42.1% and 32.8% of the samples, respectively), followed by drop-shaped (12.5%) and irregular-shaped (12.5%) foramina. Conclusions: In conclusion, FS variations among individuals are common and must be considered by surgeons during skull base interventions in order to avoid accidents and postoperative complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:38:49Z","timestamp":1669621129000},"page":"1740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Topographic and Morphometric Study of the Foramen Spinosum of the Skull and Its Clinical Correlation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2447-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Ten\u00f3rio","family":"Sugano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Chen","family":"Pauris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Anatomy Department, Padre Anchieta University Center (UniAnchieta), Jundia\u00ed 13210-795, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yggor Biloria e","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Anatomy Department, Padre Anchieta University Center (UniAnchieta), Jundia\u00ed 13210-795, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Eg\u00eddio","family":"Pandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Otorhinolaryngology), Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00edssa Balabem Said","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Vieira","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Teaching and Research Coordination of the Medical School, University Center of Adamantina (UNIFAI), Adamantina 17800-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of Sao Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erivelto Lu\u00eds","family":"Chacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2675-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Aparecida de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna Trazzi","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Rodrigues da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Jundia\u00ed Medical School, Jundia\u00ed 13202-550, Brazil"},{"name":"Anatomy Department, Padre Anchieta University Center (UniAnchieta), Jundia\u00ed 13210-795, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-008-0152-6","article-title":"The foramen spinosum: A landmark in middle fossa surgery","volume":"31","author":"Isolan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurg. 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