{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:21:54Z","timestamp":1794036114445,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objective: Duration of rehabilitation and active participation are crucial for gait rehabilitation in the early stage after stroke onset. Virtual reality (VR) is an innovative tool providing engaging and playful environments that could promote intrinsic motivation and higher active participation for non-ambulatory stroke patients when combined with robot-assisted gait training (RAGT). We have developed a new, fully immersive VR application for RAGT, which can be used with a head-mounted display and wearable sensors providing real-time gait motion in the virtual environment. The aim of this study was to validate the use of this new device and assess the onset of cybersickness in healthy participants before testing the device in stroke patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven healthy participants were included and performed two sessions of RAGT using a fully immersive VR device. They physically walked with the Gait Trainer for 20 min in a virtual forest environment. The occurrence of cybersickness, sense of presence, and usability of the device were assessed with three questionnaires: the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), the Presence Questionnaire (PQ), and the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results: All of the participants completed both sessions. Most of the participants (78.4%) had no significant adverse effects (SSQ &lt; 5). The sense of presence in the virtual environment was particularly high (106.42 \u00b1 9.46). Participants reported good usability of the device (86.08 \u00b1 7.54). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the usability of our fully immersive VR device for gait rehabilitation and did not lead to cybersickness. Future studies should evaluate the same parameters and the effectiveness of this device with non-ambulatory stroke patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T01:44:31Z","timestamp":1670463871000},"page":"1805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immersive Virtual Reality during Robot-Assisted Gait Training: Validation of a New Device in Stroke Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Morizio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HAVAE Laboratory, UR20217, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Center of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-8043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxence","family":"Compagnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HAVAE Laboratory, UR20217, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospital Center of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1815-0782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Boujut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HAVAE Laboratory, UR20217, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France"},{"name":"3iL Groupe, F-87015 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ouiddad","family":"Labbani-Igbida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"XLim Institute, UMR CNRS 7252, University of Limoges, F-87068 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, F-86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6915-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anaick","family":"Perrochon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HAVAE Laboratory, UR20217, University of Limoges, F-87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(95)80038-7","article-title":"Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: The copenhagen stroke study","volume":"76","author":"Nakayama","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. 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