{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1790054100298,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]],"date-time":"2022-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Anxiety disorders are common in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and have a negative impact on diabetes-related self-management and, therefore, on patients\u2019 evolution and prognosis. In this context, it becomes necessary to accurately and easily assess anxiety and self-management behaviours. Thus, the aim of this research was translation and cultural adaptation for Romanian patients and validation of two instruments used for assessing diabetes self-management and anxiety, namely the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). Materials and Methods: The Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA) and the DSMQ instruments for assessing diabetes self-management, as well as the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the SPIN instruments for assessing anxiety, have been administered to 117 patients from Timisoara, Romania, previously diagnosed with DM. Results: The SPIN has proven to have good internal consistency, excellent acceptability of its questions without non-responders and a median completion time of 3 min and 10 s, an excellent test\u2013retest performance (Spearman\u2019s rho = 0.971, p &lt; 0.001 between two administrations of the test) and good validity in comparison with the GAD-7, a previously validated and comprehensive instrument. The DSMQ has also proven to have acceptable internal consistency, excellent acceptability of its questions without non-responders and a median completion time of 2 min and 28 s; however, it has shown a weak, positive correlation without statistical significance in comparison with the SDSCA, a previously validated questionnaire. Conclusions: The SPIN, translated in Romanian and culturally adapted, is a valid tool for the screening of social phobias in individuals with DM. The DSMQ requires additional data for its validation in DM patients from Romania.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T02:15:33Z","timestamp":1670811333000},"page":"1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) in Romanian Patients with Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Diaconu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5204-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gaita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0993-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Timar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3879-8049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Deaconu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romulus","family":"Timar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cPius Brinzeu\u201d Emergency Hospital, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, March 20). 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