{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:50:14Z","timestamp":1792615814664,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Diabetic foot (DF) development is driven by complex interactions of hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress (OS). We aimed to investigate OS and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with DF and their potential to improve early diagnosis and management of DF. Materials and Methods: The prooxidant\u2013antioxidant balance (PAB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total oxidative status (TOS), total sulfhydryl groups (SHG), routine biochemical parameters, and complete blood count were determined in 42 patients with type-2 DM, of which 23 patients had DF, while 19 patients were without DF complications. The neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was evaluated as a biomarker of inflammation. Results: Patients with DF had significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) PAB levels (170 \u00b1 33.9 U\/L) compared to those without DF complications (142 \u00b1 31.3 U\/L). In addition, patients with DF had significantly reduced SOD activities (p &lt; 0.01). NLR values were significantly higher in the DF group (median: 2.8; interquartile range: 2.0\u20134.3) than in the group without DF (median: 1.4; interquartile range: 1.4\u20132.1; p &lt; 0.01). A positive correlation was found between the PAB and NLR index (r = 0.449; p &lt; 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of both PAB (AUC = 0.741; p &lt; 0.01) and NLR (AUC = 0.760; p &lt; 0.01) was estimated as acceptable. Conclusions: In conclusion, the development of DF is associated with enhanced OS and inflammation processes. PAB and NLR could be useful non-invasive biomarkers of DF development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1671429343000},"page":"1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Diabetic Foot"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Sanja","family":"Vuj\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Kotur-Stevuljevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Veki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8418-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Perovi\u0107-Blagojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr Dragi\u0161a Mi\u0161ovic\u2014Dedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Stefanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital Po\u017earevac, 12000 Po\u017earevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Ili\u0107-Mijailovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr Dragi\u0161a Mi\u0161ovic\u2014Dedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"Koprivica Uzelac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr Dragi\u0161a Mi\u0161ovic\u2014Dedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sre\u0107ko","family":"Bosi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital Po\u017earevac, 12000 Po\u017earevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Antoni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azra","family":"Guzonji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Marija","family":"Mastilovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr Dragi\u0161a Mi\u0161ovic\u2014Dedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorica","family":"Markovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr Dragi\u0161a Mi\u0161ovic\u2014Dedinje\u201d, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfredi","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes\u2013Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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