{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T11:42:32Z","timestamp":1762083752515,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The specialized literature emphasizes the fact that vitamin D has a potentially beneficial effect in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this article is to highlight the role of vitamin D, both prophylactic and curative, in the treatment of patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Even though its relevance is still unknown and causes various controversies, there is currently no specific treatment for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. There are various prevention strategies with new vaccination schedules, but additional randomized and clinical trials are still needed to combat this pandemic. In addition to the systemic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, oral manifestations of this disease have also been described in the literature. The etiology of oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency remains controversial. In the present studies, oral manifestations such as salivary gland infections, aphthae, erythema, gingivitis, ulcers, etc. have been reported. This is a new topic, and the prevalence of manifestations is described in only a few studies, which is inconsistent with the number of COVID-19 cases reported since the beginning of the pandemic. The clinical symptomatology in patients with current COVID-19 infection is polymorphic. Whether the oral manifestation is directly caused by SARS-CoV-2 or a secondary manifestation remains an important topic to analyze and discuss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T08:42:22Z","timestamp":1672216942000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency in Both Oral and Systemic Manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5730-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin Constantin","family":"Pinzariu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivona Andreea","family":"Sova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IOSUD Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minela Aida","family":"Maranduca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinic, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d County Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0949-7538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Biochemistry, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilie Cristian","family":"Drochioi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Reconstructive, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700020 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calin George","family":"Vamesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Clim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-9405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana Liliana","family":"Hurjui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8899-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Moscalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radu Petru","family":"Soroceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery I, Discipline of Surgical Semiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dragomir Nicolae","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ionela Lacramioara","family":"Serban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Discipline of Physiology, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges","volume":"55","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106054","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): A global pandemic and treatment strategies","volume":"56","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, W.B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S.L., Baggerly, C.A., French, C.B., Aliano, J.L., and Bhattoa, H.P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 in-fections and deaths. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0235.v2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux034","article-title":"Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: A systematic review","volume":"76","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0600241","article-title":"Comparison of the appearance of radiolabelled vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in the chylomicron fraction of plasma after oral administration in man","volume":"60","author":"Compston","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., Hershman, J.M., Hofland, J., and Kalra, S. (2000). Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism and Mechanisms of Action 2021. Endotext, MDText.com.Inc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cardwell, G., Bornman, J.F., James, A.P., and Black, L.J. (2018). A review of mushrooms as a potential source of dietary vitamin D. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101498"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Miazek, K., Selmi, A., Balcerczyk, A., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2022). The Action of Vitamin D in Adipose Tissue: Is There the Link between Vitamin D Deficiency and Adipose Tissue-Related Metabolic Disorders?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020956"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2010.06.022","article-title":"Cytochromes P450 are essential players in the vitamin D signaling system","volume":"1814","author":"Schuster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315006110","article-title":"CYP2R1 is a major, but not exclusive, contributor to 25-hydroxyvitamin D production in vivo","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(83)90076-0","article-title":"Metabolism and binding properties of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"225","author":"Tanaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000486536","article-title":"Vitamin D: Classic and Novel Actions","volume":"72","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.6.1108","article-title":"Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system","volume":"67","author":"Norman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107065","article-title":"Hormonal control of the renal conversion of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol","volume":"51","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415853-5.00013-3","article-title":"Vitamin D: Biology, actions, and clinical implications","volume":"4","author":"Feldman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporosis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140071","article-title":"PTH and Vitamin D","volume":"6","author":"Khundmiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00105.x","article-title":"Evolution of our understanding of vitamin D","volume":"66","author":"DeLuca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1\u03b1,25(OH)2vitamin D\u2083: Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Haussler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2008.07.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function","volume":"29","author":"Ceglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04104-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function: Oxidative stress, energy metabolism and anabolic state","volume":"119","author":"Dzik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2157","article-title":"Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: The Health ABC Study","volume":"90","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.372","article-title":"Association between regional adipose tissue distribution and both type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in elderly men and women","volume":"26","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00061.2017","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function","volume":"99","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Sizar, O., Khare, S., Goyal, A., and Givler, A. (2022). Vitamin D Deficiency. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.04.008","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the endocrinology controlling calcium homeostasis","volume":"453","author":"Fleet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5010111","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2014Effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6453882","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Vitamin D Deficiency to Impaired Metabolism: An Overview","volume":"2022","author":"Ghozali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-17-0008","article-title":"Vitamin D induces myogenic differentiation in skeletal muscle derived stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Braga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.08.005","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function. An updated systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"29","author":"Pincombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-018-0094-4","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular diseases: A narrative review","volume":"24","author":"Kheiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1905519","article-title":"Vitamin D and immuno-pathology of COVID-19: Many interactions but uncertain therapeutic benefits","volume":"19","author":"Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25001","article-title":"Determinants of Muscle and Bone Aging","volume":"230","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-008-9131-0","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-related skeletal muscle wasting and weakness","volume":"9","author":"Ryall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.12.002","article-title":"An overview of type 2 diabetes and importance of vitamin D3-vitamin D receptor interaction in pancreatic \u03b2-cells","volume":"32","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brosolo, G., Da Porto, A., Bulfone, L., Scandolin, L., Vacca, A., Bertin, N., Vivarelli, C., Sechi, L.A., and Catena, C. (2022). Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Glycometabolic Changes in Nondiabetic Patients with Arterial Hypertension. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020311"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romeu Montenegro, K., Amarante Pufal, M., and Newsholme, P. (2021). Vitamin D Supplementation and Impact on Skeletal Muscle Function in Cell and Animal Models and an Aging Population: What Do We Know So Far?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041110"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186644"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afh002","article-title":"A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study","volume":"33","author":"Harwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"295","article-title":"Adipose tissue infiltration in skeletal muscle of healthy elderly men: Relationships with body composition, insulin resistance, and inflammation at the systemic and tissue level","volume":"65","author":"Zoico","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0159","article-title":"1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulates myogenic differentiation by inhibiting cell proliferation and modulating the expression of promyogenic growth factors and myostatin in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells","volume":"152","author":"Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.919","article-title":"The role of insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding proteins in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Rajpathak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9081","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17089081","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D treatment on skeletal muscle histology and ultrastructural changes in a rodent model","volume":"17","author":"Alkharfy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.18.3.6187","article-title":"Vitamin D as a Regulator of Adipocyte Differentiation Effects in vivo and in vitro","volume":"69","author":"Pinzariu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2070693","article-title":"Vitamin D and bone health: Potential mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Laird","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"699","article-title":"Nutritional factors in transdifferentiation of scheletal muscles to adipocytes","volume":"118","author":"Sindilar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09532-w","article-title":"Consensus statement from 2nd International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D","volume":"21","author":"Giustina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.91B12.22481","article-title":"The level of vitamin D in the serum correlates with fatty degeneration of the muscles of the rotator cuff","volume":"91","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. Vol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.17.9.5842","article-title":"Adipose tissue remodeling by prolonged administration of high dose of vitamin D3 in rats treated to prevent sarcopenia","volume":"68","author":"Pinzariu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu104","article-title":"Understanding vitamin D deficiency","volume":"43","author":"Sahota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000235874","article-title":"Treatment of vitamin D deficiency increases lower limb muscle strength in institutionalized older people independently of regular physical activity: A randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005","article-title":"Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Petrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e857","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000857","article-title":"Vitamin D plasma levels and in-hospital and 1-year outcomes in acute coronary syndromes: A prospective study","volume":"94","author":"Milazzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00156.2014","article-title":"The active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, induces a complex dual upregulation of endothelin and nitric oxide in cultured endothelial cells","volume":"307","author":"Valdivielso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. -Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.12.036","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in patients with established cardiovascular disease? 10-year follow-up of the Nova Scotia Health Survey","volume":"148","author":"Wasson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.002","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis","volume":"25","author":"Lips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.102","article-title":"Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in oral cancer","volume":"109","author":"Fathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp036","article-title":"Dietary vitamin D and cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus","volume":"20","author":"Lipworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botelho, J., Machado, V., Proen\u00e7a, L., Delgado, A.S., and Mendes, J.J. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051471"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604579","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.604579","article-title":"COVID-19 Disease and Vitamin D: A Mini-Review","volume":"11","author":"Boulkrane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12923","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12923","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"710","article-title":"Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV- 2 infection","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Diseases"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"963","article-title":"Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient: Secondary or truly associated condition?","volume":"S1","author":"Tomo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021-6-2","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2021-6-2","article-title":"Vitamins, supplements and COVID-19: A review of currently available evidence","volume":"10","author":"Speakman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrocio-Ortiz, E., P\u00e9rez-Rubio, G., Del \u00c1ngel-Pablo, A.D., Buend\u00eda-Rold\u00e1n, I., Ch\u00e1vez-Gal\u00e1n, L., Hern\u00e1ndez-Zenteno, R.J., Ram\u00edrez-Venegas, A., Rojas-Serrano, J., Mej\u00eda, M., and P\u00e9rez-Padilla, R. (2021). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the Context of Respiratory Diseases and Its Importance in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080805"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594495","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.594495","article-title":"Body Localization of ACE-2: On the Trail of the Keyhole of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Salamanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.03.002","article-title":"1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits oxidative stress and monocyte adhesion by mediating the upregulation of GCLCand GSH in endothelial cells treated with acetoace-tate (ketosis)","volume":"159","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15264-1","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammation and nu-clear factor kappa-B activity in overweight\/obese adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Mousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000452283","article-title":"The central role of endothelial dysfunction in car-diorenal syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annweiler, G., Corvaisier, M., Gautier, J., Dub\u00e9e, V., Legrand, E., Sacco, G., and Annweiler, C. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113377"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulli, A., Gotelli, E., Casabella, A., Paolino, S., Pizzorni, C., Alessandri, E., Grosso, M., Ferone, D., Smith, V., and Cutolo, M. (2021). Vitamin D and Lung Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 Patients. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030717"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander, J., Tinkov, A., Strand, T.A., Alehagen, U., Skalny, A., and Aaseth, J. (2020). Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance against Progressive COVID-19. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082358"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radujkovic, A., Hippchen, T., Tiwari-Heckler, S., Dreher, S., Boxberger, M., and Merle, U. (2020). Vita-min D Deficiency and Outcome of COVID-19 Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092757"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarhan, N., Abou Warda, A.E., Sarhan, R.M., Boshra, M.S., Mostafa-Hedeab, G., ALruwaili, B.F., Ibrahim, H.S.G., Schaalan, M.F., and Fathy, S. (2022). Evidence for the Efficacy of a High Dose of Vitamin D on the Hyperinflammation State in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Random-ized Clinical Trial. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101358"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10405","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10405","article-title":"Vitamin D and Immune Regulation: Antibacterial, Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory","volume":"5","author":"Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albergamo, A., Apprato, G., and Silvagno, F. (2022). The Role of Vitamin D in Supporting Health in the COVID-19 Era. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073621"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghelani, D., Alesi, S., and Mousa, A. (2021). Vitamin D and COVID-19: An Overview of Recent Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910559"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2020.06.001","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and co-morbidities in COVID-19 patients\u2014A fatal relationship?","volume":"20","author":"Biesalski","year":"2020","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa234","article-title":"Potential role of hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D supplementation during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"114","author":"Verdoia","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2020-0301","article-title":"Does vitamin D deficiency increase the se-verity of COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"Weir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hribar, C.A., Cobbold, P.H., and Church, F.C. (2020). Potential role of vitamin d in the elderly to resist COVID-19 and to slow progression of parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10050284"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S291584","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D on COVID-19 Infection and Prognosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Yisak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"212","article-title":"Oral manifestations and management of patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Trandafirescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019722","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19722","article-title":"Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results","volume":"3","author":"Meltzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"432","article-title":"Global epidemic of coronavirus\u2014COVID-19: What we can do to mini-mize risks","volume":"7","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-022-00142-8","article-title":"Vitamin D assessment in patients with COVID-19 virus and correlation with severity","volume":"34","author":"Yosef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.021","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The Correlation between Serum Level of Vitamin D and Outcome of Sepsis Patients; a Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"7","author":"Shojaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.111017","article-title":"Cohort study to evaluate the effect of vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 in combination on pro-gression to severe outcomes in older patients with coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"737","article-title":"COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome versus classical acute respiratory distress syndrome (a narrative review)","volume":"13","author":"Krynytska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0069-0","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Matthay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0496-3","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and oral health","volume":"49","author":"Kudiyirickal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e348","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab599","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Blood Glucose and BMI in COVID-19 Patients, Predicting Disease Severity","volume":"107","author":"Allora","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, H.W., Niles, J.K., Martin, H., Kroll, M.H., Bi, C., and Holick, M.F. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239252"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.H., Meza, C.A., Clarke, H., Kim, J.S., and Hickner, R.C. (2020). Vitamin D and Endothelial Function. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020575"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"71","article-title":"Low levels of Vitamin D an emerging risk for cardiovascular diseases: A review","volume":"11","author":"Majeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roumeliotis, S., Mallamaci, F., and Zoccali, C. (2020). Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease, from Biology to Clinical Outcomes: A 2020 Update. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082359"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2021.12.010","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Infection","volume":"363","author":"Otifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.03.126","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction contributes to COVID-19\u2014Associated vascular inflammation and coagulopathy","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401004010302","article-title":"The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone","volume":"4","author":"Sandoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.11.002","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in Oxidative Stress","volume":"7","author":"Lingappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"115","article-title":"Vasoconstrictor Substances Produced by the Endothelium","volume":"9","author":"Stefany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endothe-Lium Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pizzini, A., Aichner, M., Sahanic, S., B\u00f6hm, A., Egger, A., Hoermann, G., Kurz, K., Widmann, G., Bellmann-Weiler, R., and Weiss, G. (2020). Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19-A Prospective Analysis from the CovILD Registry. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092775"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/1\/68\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:53:52Z","timestamp":1760147632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/1\/68"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59010068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59010068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]}}}