{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:31:59Z","timestamp":1790757119708,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: breast cancer remains the most common health burden affecting females worldwide. Despite developments in breast cancer diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies, the clinical management of metastatic breast cancer remains challenging. Thus, there is a need to identify new biomarkers and novel drug targets for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy. Recently, aberrant glypican-3 (GPC3) expression in cancers has gained considerable interest in cancer research. The studies, however, have yielded contradictory results about GPC3 expression in breast cancer. Therefore, the current study aims to analyse GPC3 expression across a large panel of different breast cancer subtypes. Materials and Methods: GPC3 expression was immunohistochemically evaluated in 230 breast cancer patients along with eight normal tissues and its associations to clinical and demographic characteristics, as well as immunohistochemical biomarkers for breast cancer. Moreover, a public database consisting of breast cancer patients\u2019 survival data and GPC3 gene expression information was used to assess the prognostic value of GPC3 in the survival of breast cancer patients. Results: GPC3 expression was only characterised in 7.5% of different histological breast cancer subtypes. None of the normal breast tissues displayed GPC3 expression. Interestingly, all cases of Paget\u2019s disease, as well as 42.9% of intraductal and 16.7% of mucinous carcinomas were found to have GPC3 expression, where it was able to significantly discriminate Paget\u2019s disease and intraductal carcinoma from other breast cancer subtypes. Importantly, GPC3 expression was found more often in tumours that tested positive for the expression of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), indicating more favourable histological subtypes of breast cancer. Consequently, longer relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly correlated with higher GPC3 mRNA expression. Conclusions: Our study proposes that GPC3 is a promising breast cancer subtype-specific biomarker. Moreover, GPC3 may have the potential to be a molecular target for the development of new therapeutics for specific subtypes of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:51:22Z","timestamp":1672635082000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Glypican-3 Differentiates Intraductal Carcinoma and Paget\u2019s Disease from Other Types of Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5640-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemah OFO","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Shuwaikh, Kuwait City 15432, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas O.","family":"Satari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Aljabali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-0364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanal S.","family":"Al-mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6855-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmeen J.","family":"Alabdallat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya M.","family":"Al-sarayra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Karak Governmental Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Karak 11118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Alkhojah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Karak Governmental Hospital, Ministry of Health, Al-Karak 11118, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel rahman M.","family":"Alwardat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdullah University Hospital, Irbid 22110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3463-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameeh A.","family":"Al-sarayreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8120-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef M.","family":"Al-saraireh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giordano, C., La Camera, G., Gelsomino, L., Barone, I., Bonofiglio, D., And\u00f2, S., and Catalano, S. (2020). 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