{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1783615022933,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a disease characterized by cartilage-capped bony protuberances at the site of growth plates of long bones. Functional mutations in the exostosin genes (EXT1 and EXT2) are reported to affect the hedgehog signalling pathways leading to multiple enchondromatosis. However, the exact role of each EXT protein in the regulation of heparan sulphate (HS) chain elongation is still an enigma. In this study, a Pakistani family with HME is investigated to find out the genetic basis of the disease. Materials and Methods: Genotyping of eight members of the family by amplifying microsatellite markers, tightly linked to the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Results: The study revealed linkage of the HME family to the EXT1 locus 8q24.1. Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous deletion (c.247Cdel) in exon 1 of EXT1, segregating with the disease phenotype in the family. In silico analysis predicted a shift in the frame causing an early stop codon (p.R83GfsX52). The predicted dwarf protein constituting 134 amino acids was functionally aberrant with a complete loss of the catalytic domain at the C-terminus. Interestingly, an alternative open reading frame 3 (ORF3) caused by the frame shift is predicted to encode a protein sequence, identical to the wild type and containing the catalytic domain, but lacking the first 100 amino acids of the wild-type EXT1 protein. Conclusion: Consequently, haploinsufficiency could be the cause of HME in the investigated family as the mutated copy of EXT1 is ineffective for EXT-1\/2 complex formation. The predicted ORF3 protein could be of great significance in understanding several aspects of HME pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:12:48Z","timestamp":1672625568000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Haploinsufficiency of EXT1 and Heparan Sulphate Deficiency Associated with Hereditary Multiple Exostoses in a Pakistani Family"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ajmal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, 24-Mauve area, G-9\/1, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5501-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafsah","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Phase V Hayatabad, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Nasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, 24-Mauve area, G-9\/1, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KRL General Hospital, Orthopaedic Department 24-Mauve area, G-9\/1 Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman Akbar","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6992-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore 54770, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mutation spectrum of EXT1 and EXT2 in the Saudi patients with hereditary multiple exostoses","volume":"16","author":"BinEssa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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