{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:03:18Z","timestamp":1779930198615,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Several predictive factors have been reportedly associated with intraoperative total blood loss (TBL) during posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for idiopathic scoliosis (IS). To reduce TBL, preoperative factors and interoperative factors are considered important. However, there are few reports that have evaluated bleeding patterns according to surgical stages. This study aimed to elucidate bleeding patterns at different surgical stages and determine the predictive factors for TBL during PSF surgery in patients with IS. Materials and Methods: Preoperative data, radiographic parameters, and intraoperative data of patients undergoing PSF for IS were retrospectively collected. We divided the patients into six stages: stage 1, exposure; stage 2, implant placement; stage 3, release; stage 4, correction; stage 5, bone grafting; and stage 6, closure; then we reviewed the blood loss and bleeding speed. Multiple-regression analysis was performed to generate a predictive formula for blood loss using preoperative and intraoperative factors, including blood loss at stage 1, as explanatory variables. Results: Forty-five patients (mean age: 17.6 years) were included. The mean operative time and TBL were 287.9 min and 756.5 mL, respectively. Blood loss was the highest at stage 3, followed by stage 4. Bleeding speed was the highest at stage 4, followed by stage 3. Bleeding speeds at stages 3 and 4 were significantly higher than those at stages 1 and 2. Preoperative Cobb angle, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), number of fused vertebrae, and blood loss at stage 1 were significant contributing factors. Conclusions: Blood loss and bleeding speed during the release and correction stages were high. Specifically, bleeding speed significantly increased during and after the release procedure. The preoperative Cobb angle, aPTT, number of fixed vertebrae, and blood-loss volume during PSF were significantly associated with TBL. Our findings would be helpful for reducing TBL in patients undergoing PSF for IS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T01:59:24Z","timestamp":1676599164000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intraoperative Blood Loss at Different Surgical-Procedure Stages during Posterior Spinal Fusion for Idiopathic Scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Eiki","family":"Shirasawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Center, Kitasato University, Saitama 364-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-9739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Miyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayuki","family":"Imura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Mimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Yokozeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumu","family":"Kawakubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5148-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Akazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Takaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6500-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gen","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200115040-00009","article-title":"Blood transfusion and the two-insult model of post-injury multiple organ failure","volume":"15","author":"Aiboshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200711000-00013","article-title":"Non-neurologic complications following surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"89","author":"Carreon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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