{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:19:43Z","timestamp":1791814783797,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Childhood obesity is a global public health concern with long-term and serious health implications. An important factor for childhood obesity is maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which in turn impacts maternal and offspring long-term health. This study aimed to investigate the associations between maternal GDM and childhood weight status and multiple anthropometric and sociodemographic factors and perinatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: A total of 5348 children aged 2\u20135 years old and their paired mothers took part in the study. Questionnaires were utilized to evaluate the sociodemographic factors and perinatal outcomes as well as smoking habits, educational level, economic status, age, and parity status. Children\u2019s anthropometric parameters were measured, and maternal medical history, preterm birth records, and anthropometric measures during pregnancy were retrieved by their medical records. Results: Overall, 16.4% of the children aged at 2\u20135 years were overweight, and 8.2% of them were affected by obesity, leading to a total 24.6% of children with overweight\/obesity. Further, 5.5% of the enrolled mothers were diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. GDM doubles the probability of childhood overweight\/obesity at ages 2\u20135 years old independently of multiple confounding factors. Pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity, older maternal age, and smoking are risk factors for GDM, while GDM additionally increases the risk of preterm birth. Children of mothers that developed GDM were at greater risk of overweight or obesity, with the association between GDM and offspring\u2019s weight status being independent of confounding factors. Conclusions: GDM is a severe public health issue with prolonged complications for both the mother and their children. Public health approaches and programs need to promote the negative role of pre-pregnancy weight and smoking status as well as the significance of a good glycemic control throughout gestation in women of childbearing age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1677468216000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Maternal Gestational Diabetes Is Associated with High Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pre-School Children Aged 2\u20135 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Mantzorou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papandreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Khalifa B City, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Pavlidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6408-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sousana K.","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5822-4363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Tolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mentzelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antigoni","family":"Poutsidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41100 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Antasouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios K.","family":"Vasios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantinos","family":"Giaginis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voerman, E., Santos, S., Patro Golab, B., Amiano, P., Ballester, F., Barros, H., Bergstr\u00f6m, A., Charles, M.A., Chatzi, L., and Chevrier, C. 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