{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:37:03Z","timestamp":1787621823142,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Microbiota of the urinary tract may be associated with urinary tract malignancy, including prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and subjects without prostate cancer from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2016. A total of 5510 subjects were recruited and followed until the diagnosis of a primary outcome (urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, cystitis, and prostatitis). Results: We found that the patients with prostate cancer had a significantly higher risk of urinary tract infections than those without prostate cancer. The adjusted hazard ratios for pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and cystitis were 2.30 (95% CI = 1.36\u20133.88), 2.04 (95% CI = 1.03\u20134.05), and 4.02 (95 % CI = 2.11\u20137.66), respectively. We clearly identified the sites of infection and associated comorbidities in the prostate cancer patients with urinary tract infections. In addition, we found that the patients receiving radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy had a lower risk of urinary tract infections than the patients in corresponding control groups. Conclusions: Our study suggests that an abnormal urine microbiome could potentially contribute to the development of prostate cancer through inflammation and immune dysregulation. Furthermore, an imbalanced microbiome may facilitate bacterial overgrowth in urine, leading to urinary tract infections. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. Further research is needed to better understand the role of the urine microbiome in prostate cancer pathogenesis and to identify potential microbiome-targeted therapies for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Association of Prostate Cancer and Urinary Tract Infections: A New Perspective of Prostate Cancer Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9819-0855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Ying","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, North District, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, North District, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, North District, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung Y.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404327, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Huei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, North District, Taichung 404332, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191","article-title":"Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. 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