{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:12Z","timestamp":1787028912343,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Achieving adequate immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients in the first year after lung transplantation is a key challenge. Prophylaxis of allograft rejection must be balanced with the adverse events associated with immunosuppressive drugs, for example infection, renal failure, and diabetes. A triple immunosuppressive combination is standard, including a steroid, a calcineurin inhibitor, and an antiproliferative compound beginning with the highest levels of immunosuppression and a subsequent tapering of the dose, usually guided by therapeutic drug monitoring and considering clinical results, bronchoscopy sampling results, and additional biomarkers such as serum viral replication or donor-specific antibodies. Balancing the net immunosuppression level required to prevent rejection without overly increasing the risk of infection and other complications during the tapering phase is not well standardized and requires repeated assessments for dose-adjustments. In our adaptive immunosuppression approach, we additionally consider results from the white blood cell counts, in particular lymphocytes and eosinophils, as biomarkers for monitoring the level of immunosuppression and additionally use them as therapeutic targets to fine-tune the immunosuppressive strategy over time. The concept and its rationale are outlined, and areas of future research mentioned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T03:29:00Z","timestamp":1677727740000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Adaptive Immunosuppression in Lung Transplant Recipients Applying Complementary Biomarkers: The Zurich Protocol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5404-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mac\u00e9 M.","family":"Schuurmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2609-0246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miro E.","family":"Raeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-0881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurice","family":"Roeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1994-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Hage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1990.tb03606.x","article-title":"Azathioprine metabolism: Pharmacokinetics of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thiouric acid and 6-thioguanine nucleotides in renal transplant patients","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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