{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:52:40Z","timestamp":1790387560115,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2022R1F1A1066232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1066232"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2019M3A9H2032424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3A9H2032424"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2020R1I1A1A01051844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01051844"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["20012378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20012378"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1066232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1066232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M3A9H2032424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3A9H2032424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A1A01051844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01051844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20012378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20012378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine Research of Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Research Fund (2022)","award":["2022R1F1A1066232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1066232"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine Research of Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Research Fund (2022)","award":["2019M3A9H2032424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3A9H2032424"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine Research of Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Research Fund (2022)","award":["2020R1I1A1A01051844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01051844"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine Research of Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Research Fund (2022)","award":["20012378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20012378"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the utility of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) for the initial localization of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Methods: HRCT data regarding the point of cerebrospinal fluid leakage (as confirmed in the operating room), collected up to December 2022, were extracted from five databases. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Results: The search revealed eight relevant studies with a total of 254 patients. The diagnostic odds ratio of the imaging studies was 10.0729 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4486; 41.4376; I2 = 54.1%). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8. Sensitivity, specificity, the negative predictive value, and the positive predictive value were 0.7550 (95% CI: 0.6163; 0.8553; I2 = 69.8%), 0.8502 (95% CI: 0.5986; 0.9557, I2 = 49.3%), 0.4106 (95% CI: 0.2418; 0.6035; I2 = 59.0%), and 0.9575 (95% CI: 0.8955; 0.9834; I2 = 27.7%), respectively. Conclusions: HRCT can be used to accurately localize cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea because it shows bony defects in high detail. However, it has limited utility for the evaluation of active leakage, and localization is difficult in the presence of coexisting lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T02:30:33Z","timestamp":1678415433000},"page":"540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High-Resolution Computed Tomography as an Initial Diagnostic and Localization Tool in Patients with Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9248-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Sang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geun-Jeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6214-3881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Abdullah","family":"Basurrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se Hwan","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bucheon Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Current imaging of cerebrospinal fluid leaks","volume":"58","author":"Bullock","year":"2009","journal-title":"W. 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