{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:00:26Z","timestamp":1792512026715,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2023R44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2023R44"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objective: Despite a plethora of studies conducted to date, researchers continue to investigate the best sealer and obturation technique combinations. The aim of this study is to compare the apical seal provided by two bioceramic sealers (Endoseal and Endosequence) with that provided by a calcium hydroxide sealer (Sealapex), and to evaluate the effect of different obturation techniques (cold lateral condensation, continuous wave compaction and single cone) on the apical seal under a stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: A total of 110 single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were decoronated, cleaned and shaped using the Endosequence filing system to tip size 30\/0.04 taper. Canals were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. The samples were randomly divided into 11 groups (9 experimental and 2 control groups) according to the designated sealer and technique. Samples were stored in an incubator for 7 days at 37 \u00b0C under 100% humidity. Samples were coated with nail varnish except for apical 2 mm and vertically placed in 0.2% rhodamine B dye solution for 48 h. Samples were split longitudinally and viewed under a stereomicroscope at 40\u00d7 magnification. Results: Insignificant results were obtained between obturation techniques (p = 0.499) whereas statistically significant results were attained based on the type of endodontic sealer (p &lt; 0.001). The overall lowest mean apical microleakage and best sealing ability was demonstrated by Sealapex (2.59 \u00b1 1.20 mm) and amongst techniques by continuous wave compaction (3.90 \u00b1 2.51 mm). Conclusions: Endosequence produced the best apical seal with the continuous wave compaction technique, whereas Endoseal did so with the bioceramic-coated single-cone technique. For the Sealapex sealer, the most effective apical seal was observed using cold lateral condensation. The quality and effectiveness of apical seal differed with the type of endodontic sealer and obturation technique used, and vice versa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1678777031000},"page":"567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Exploring the Most Effective Apical Seal for Contemporary Bioceramic and Conventional Endodontic Sealers Using Three Obturation Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Hira","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Naz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow International Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4432-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshad","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anum","family":"Tanwir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi 75340, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Shahnawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi 75340, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Wahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariha","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry, Hamdard University, Karachi 75210, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Adeel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid H.","family":"Almadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazen F.","family":"Alkahtany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7266-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariq","family":"Abduljabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4682-3163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahim","family":"Vohra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Evaluation of micro leakage of root canals filled with different obturation techniques: An in vitro study","volume":"30","author":"Lone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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