{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:19:49Z","timestamp":1790155189663,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,19]],"date-time":"2023-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Defects of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) involved in the function of the mitochondrial electron transport chain can result in primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs). Various features can influence the phenotypes of different PMDs, with relevant consequences on clinical presentation, including the presence of hearing impairment. This paper aims to describe the hearing loss related to different PMDs, and when possible, their phenotype. Methods. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, searching Medline until December 2022. A total of 485 papers were identified, and based on specified criteria, 7 were included in this study. Results. A total of 759 patients affected by PMDs and hearing loss were included. The age of patients ranged from 2 days to 78 years old, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. The percentage of subjects affected by hearing loss was 40.8%, (310\/759), and in most cases, hearing impairment was described as sensorineural, bilateral, symmetrical, and progressive, with different presentations depending on age and syndrome severity. Conclusions. PMDs are challenging conditions with different clinical phenotypes. Hearing loss, especially when bilateral and progressive, may represent a red flag; its association with other systemic disorders (particularly neuromuscular, ocular, and endocrine) should alert clinicians, and confirmation via genetic testing is mandatory nowadays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T05:46:42Z","timestamp":1679291202000},"page":"608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Role of Primary Mitochondrial Disorders in Hearing Impairment: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Virginia","family":"Fancello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT & Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fancello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5521-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT & Audiology Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Monzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT & Audiology Department, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT & Audiology Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT & Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3455-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Ciorba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT & Audiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104336","article-title":"Hearing impairment is associated with cognitive decline, brain atrophy and tau pathology","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr176","article-title":"Global and regional hearing impairment prevalence: An analysis of 42 studies in 29 countries","volume":"23","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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