{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:21:45Z","timestamp":1794360105217,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: The external jugular vein (EJV) descends on the sternocleidomastoid muscle to drain deep into the subclavian vein. Anatomical variations of the EJV are relevant for identification of the greater auricular nerve, flap design and preparation, or EJV cannulation. (2) Methods: Different publications were comprehensively reviewed. Dissections and three-dimensional volume renderings of peculiar cases were used to sample the review. (3) Results: Different anatomical possibilities of the EJV were critically reviewed and documented: fenestrations and double fenestrations, true or false duplications, triplication, absence, aberrant origin or course, or bifurcation. Tributaries of the EJV, such as the facial and posterior external jugular veins, are discussed. The internal jugular vein termination of the EJV is also presented. (4) Conclusions: Care should be taken when different morphological features of the EJV are encountered or reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T04:48:01Z","timestamp":1679374081000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Anatomical Variations of the External Jugular Vein: A Pictorial and Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mugurel Constantin","family":"Rusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Stomatology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4655-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u0103zvan Costin","family":"Tudose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Stomatology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra Diana","family":"Vrapciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Stomatology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corneliu","family":"Toader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department 6\u2013Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Clinic of Neurosurgery, \u201cDr. Bagdasar-Arseni\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eerban Arghir","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 11 of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gray, H., Standring, S., Anand, N., Birch, R., Collins, P., Crossman, A., Gleeson, M., Jawaheer, G., Smith, A.L., and Spratt, J.D. 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