{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:39:54Z","timestamp":1792805994322,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Specialty Construction Foundation of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center","award":["3030901010071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3030901010071"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02z2yec16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Clinical Specialty Construction Foundation of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center","award":["2021A1515010467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010467"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02z2yec16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3030901010071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3030901010071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515010467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515010467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Previous studies on ptosis recurrence after correction surgery have tended to focus on postoperative complications, surgical methods and suspension materials, few have mentioned refractive error. This research is to investigate the potential relation between refractive error and recurrence after correction surgery in pediatric patients with simple congenital ptosis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from patients with simple congenital ptosis who were treated at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC) between 2017 and 2020. In total, 111 eyelids of 85 patients without surgery-related complications who underwent frontalis muscle flap suspension (FMFS) for simple congenital ptosis were included. Postoperative changes in eyelid height were assessed. Cycloplegic refraction was assessed before surgery and during the follow-up period (every 3 months after surgery). Recurrence in the postoperative period was defined as a marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) of &lt;1 mm. Results: There were 16 recurrence and 69 non-recurrence cases, with no statistically significant differences, in terms of patient age at the time of surgery, patient sex, or preoperative MRD1, between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups. The postoperative cylindrical diopter (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.432, p = 0.005), laterality (adjusted OR = 0.202, p = 0.006), and preoperative MRD1 (adjusted OR = 0.617, p = 0.019) were associated with ptosis recurrence after surgery. Differences between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups in spherical diopter and spherical equivalent (SE) before and after surgery were not statistically significant. In addition, preoperative refractive error and postoperative spherical diopter were not significantly associated with ptosis recurrence after correction surgery. Conclusions: Ptosis recurrence after FMFS in pediatric cases of congenital ptosis is associated with refractive error. Timely refractive correction and amblyopia treatment may help to reduce ptosis recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59030630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T07:09:31Z","timestamp":1679468971000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Recurrence of Ptosis after Correction Surgery Is Associated with Refractive Error"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Ke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengsen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqing","family":"Hei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.10.026","article-title":"Incidence and demographics of childhood ptosis","volume":"118","author":"Griepentrog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xu, Y., Liu, X., Lou, L., and Ye, J. 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