{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:49:53Z","timestamp":1791920993441,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The study of clinical pharmacokinetics of inhaled antivirals is particularly important as it helps one to understand the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs and how best to use them in the treatment of respiratory viral infections such as influenza and the current COVID-19 pandemic. The article presents a systematic review of the available pharmacokinetic data of inhaled antivirals in humans, which could be beneficial for clinicians in adjusting doses for diseased populations. Materials and Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases, and studies were screened by two independent reviewers to assess their eligibility. Data were extracted from the eligible studies and assessed for quality using appropriate tools. Results: This systematic review evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled antiviral drugs. The review analyzed 17 studies, which included Zanamivir, Laninamivir, and Ribavirin with 901 participants, and found that the non-compartmental approach was used in most studies for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The outcomes of most studies were to assess clinical pharmacokinetic parameters such as the Cmax, AUC, and t1\/2 of inhaled antivirals. Conclusions: Overall, the studies found that the inhaled antiviral drugs were well tolerated and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The review provides valuable information on the use of these drugs for the treatment of influenza and other viral respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1679629821000},"page":"642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Systematic Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Antiviral"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6687-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Kanan","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 12211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Salem","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 32274, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Dakhilallah","family":"Althobaiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Adult Medical Surgical, Third Health Cluster, Riyadh 17451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watin Ahmed","family":"Alsawyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine College, Qassim University, Ar Rass 58884, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar Abdulrahman","family":"Alomair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Second Health Cluster, Riyadh 11375, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad Rsheed","family":"Alwattban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51941, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra Hassan","family":"Al Khozam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 32274, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taif Jundi","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah S.","family":"Alhuqyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Shaqra University, Riyadh 17451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Saud Al","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 32274, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz Faisal","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Collage, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 17451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad Naif","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Hafar Al-Batin 39511, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Abdulrahman","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Hafar Al-Batin 39511, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0250-x","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Antimicrobials","volume":"54","author":"Stockmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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