{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T19:44:39Z","timestamp":1776800679214,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Researchers Supporting Project","award":["RSPD2023R735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R735"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune and depigmentation disorder in humans that manifests as whitening lesions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in cell damage. Catalase (CAT) is a well-known oxidative stress regulator and is primarily responsible for the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Based on previous case-control and meta-analysis studies, we assessed the prevalence of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CAT genes A-89T (rs7943316), C389T (rs769217) and C419T (rs11032709) in participants with vitiligo and healthy controls in the Saudi population. Materials and Methods: We recruited 152 participants with vitiligo and 159 healthy controls for A-89T, C389T, and C419T SNP genotyping studies using PCR and RFLP analysis. Additionally, we performed linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses between vitiligo cases and controls. Results: The rs7943316 and rs11032709 SNPs of the CAT genes showed a positive association with vitiligo for both heterozygous genotypes and dominant genetic models (TT + AT vs. AA in A-89T and TT + CT vs. CC in C389T), in the CAT gene. Linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed a moderate linkage between rs7943316 and rs11032709 SNPs in vitiligo cases and controls. Haplotype frequency estimation revealed a significant association (p = 0.003) among the three SNP alleles. Conclusions: The rs7943316 and rs11032709 SNPs of the CAT genes were strongly associated with susceptibility to vitiligo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T02:11:41Z","timestamp":1680660701000},"page":"708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of CAT Variants A-89T, C389T, and C419T in Patients with Vitiligo in the Saudi Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ghada A. Bin","family":"Saif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2136-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal F.","family":"Alshammary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9746-5300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Ali Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.613056","article-title":"Targeting Innate Immunity to Combat Cutaneous Stress: The Vitiligo Perspective","volume":"12","author":"Boniface","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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