{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:13:32Z","timestamp":1790878412932,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of testicular cancer is steadily increasing over the past several decades in different developed countries. If on one side better diagnosis and treatment have shone a light on this disease, on the other side, differently from other malignant diseases, few risk factors have been identified. The reasons for the increase in testicular cancer are however unknown while risk factors are still poorly understood. Several studies have suggested that exposure to various factors in adolescence as well as in adulthood could be linked to the development of testicular cancer. Nevertheless, the role of environment, infections, and occupational exposure are undoubtedly associated with an increase or a decrease in this risk. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most recent evidence regarding the risk factors associated with testicular cancer, starting from the most commonly evaluated (cryptorchidism, family history, infections) to the newer identified and hypothesized risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]],"date-time":"2023-04-07T04:08:03Z","timestamp":1680840483000},"page":"724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer: Environment, Genes and Infections\u2014Is It All?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Sertac","family":"Yazici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Del Biondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, ASL NA1 Centro Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Napodano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, ASL NA1 Centro Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Grillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, ASL NA1 Centro Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Calace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Prezioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4315-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felice","family":"Crocetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4884-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biagio","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12390","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012390","article-title":"Recent Global Trends in Testicular Cancer Incidence and Mortality","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.08.08","article-title":"Fertility Considerations in Men with Testicular Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Parekh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. 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