{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T05:42:56Z","timestamp":1794462176373,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune, mucocutaneous, oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD), which characteristically manifests with chronic, recalcitrant lesions, with frequent flare-ups and remissions. The precise etiopathogenesis of OLP is still debatable, although it is believed to be a T-cell-mediated disorder of an unidentified antigen. Despite the availability of various treatments, no cure for OLP exists due to its recalcitrant nature and idiopathic etiology. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, in addition to its regulatory action on keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation. These salient properties substantiate the possible role of PRP in the treatment of OLP. Our systematic review focuses on assessing the therapeutic potential of PRP as a treatment modality in OLP. Materials and Methods: We conducted a detailed literature search for studies assessing PRP as a therapeutic regimen in OLP, using the Google Scholar and PubMed\/MEDLINE search engines. The search was limited to studies published from January 2000 to January 2023 and included a combination of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms. ROBVIS analysis was carried out for the assessment of publication bias. Descriptive statistics were performed using Microsoft Excel. Results: This systematic review included five articles that met the inclusion criteria. Most of the included studies demonstrated that PRP treatment considerably ameliorated both objective and subjective symptoms in OLP subjects, with comparable efficacy to the standard corticosteroid treatment. Further, PRP therapy offers the added benefit of minimal adverse effects and recurrences. Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that PRP has significant therapeutic potential for treating OLP. However, further research with larger sample sizes is imperative to corroborate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1681268228000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy in Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Shyamkumar","family":"Sriram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamimul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanveer","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Mohammed","family":"Kaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7398-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humayoun Khan","family":"Durrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Ajmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6428-4968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Azhar","family":"Dawasaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Dental Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shazina","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Public Health & Hospital Administration, Amity University, Noida 201303, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997190","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.997190","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for oral lichen planus: State of the art and new insights","volume":"9","author":"Didona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.156315","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus: An Update on Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737813","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.737813","article-title":"Lichen Planus","volume":"8","author":"Boch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.84474","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: An update on pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"15","author":"Lavanya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-016-1667-2","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: A literature review and update","volume":"308","author":"Alrashdan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2009.01516.x","article-title":"Course of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 808 northern Italian patients","volume":"15","author":"Carbone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.05.004","article-title":"Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: A position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology","volume":"122","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"5313","article-title":"Possible roles of exosomal mi-RNAs in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-019-0045-2","article-title":"Salivary mycobiome dysbiosis and its potential impact on bacteriome shifts and host immunity in oral lichen planus","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_749_19","article-title":"Oral lichen planus and associated comorbidities: An approach to holistic health","volume":"8","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Family Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonocito, S., Polizzi, A., De Pasquale, R., Ronsivalle, V., Lo Giudice, A., and Isola, G. (2020). Analysis of the Efficacy of Two Treatment Protocols for Patients with Symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010056"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13323","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, S., Choudhury, P., Ahmad, S.A., Alam, T., Panigrahi, R., Aziz, S., Kaleem, S.M., Priyadarshini, S.R., Sahoo, P.K., and Hasan, S. (2022). Vitamin D in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112964"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.17245\/jdapm.2022.22.6.405","article-title":"Effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in the management of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Waingade","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dentre.2021.100007","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: A review of clinical features, etiologies, and treatments","volume":"2","author":"Elenbaas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12634","article-title":"Interventions for the management of oral lichen planus: A review of the conventional and novel therapies","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(78)90383-3","article-title":"Definition of Leukoplakia and related lesions: An aid to studies on oral precancer","volume":"46","author":"Kramer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00125.x","article-title":"Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications","volume":"32","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12996","article-title":"Oral lichen planus has a very low malignant transformation rate: A systemic review and meta-analysis using strict diagnostic and inclusion criteria","volume":"50","author":"Idrees","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2008.01441.x","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: Controversies surrounding malignant transformation","volume":"14","author":"Scully","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsushima, F., Sakurai, J., Uesugi, A., Oikawa, Y., Ohsako, T., Mochizuki, Y., Hirai, H., Kayamori, K., and Harada, H. (2021). Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: A retrospective study of 565 Japanese patients. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01652-7"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radochov\u00e1, V., Ivan\u010dakov\u00e1, R.K., Heneberk, O., and Slez\u00e1k, R. (2021). The Characteristics of Patients with Oral Lichen Planus and Malignant Transformation-A Retrospective Study of 271 Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126525"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2019.07.012","article-title":"Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis","volume":"96","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12885","article-title":"Rate of malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Giuliani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13741","article-title":"An appraisal of highest quality studies reporting malignant transformation of oral lichen planus based on a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Warnakulasuriya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arduino, P.G., Magliano, A., Gambino, A., Macciotta, A., Carbone, M., Conrotto, D., Karimi, D., Carrozzo, M., and Broccoletti, R. (2021). Risk of Malignant Transformation in 3173 Subjects with histopathologically Confirmed Oral Lichen Planus: A 33-Year Cohort Study in Northern Italy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225740"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9328","article-title":"Treatment trends in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions","volume":"20","author":"Rotaru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andabak-Rogulj, A., Vindi\u0161, E., Aleksijevi\u0107, L.H., \u0160krinjar, I., Juras, D.V., Ascic, A., and Brzak, B.L. (2023). Different Treatment Modalities of Oral Lichen Planus-A Narrative Review. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11010026"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12835","article-title":"Interventions for oral lichen planus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"66","author":"Sridharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17898","article-title":"Topical calcineurin inhibitors in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13217","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topical administration of tacrolimus in oral lichen planus: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"51","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e19","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with oral lichen planus treated with topical application of tacrolimus","volume":"10","author":"Mattsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13960","article-title":"Analysis of the response to two pharmacological protocols in patients with oral lichen planus: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Polizzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15771","article-title":"Lichen planus: A comprehensive evidence-based analysis of medical treatment","volume":"33","author":"Gieler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12563","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12563","article-title":"A prospective observational study to compare efficacy of topical triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% oral paste, oral methotrexate, and a combination of topical triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% and oral methotrexate in moderate to severe oral lichen planus","volume":"31","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555566366367","article-title":"Treatment of erosive lichen planus with dapsone","volume":"66","author":"Beck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70080-1","article-title":"Dapsone in the treatment of erosive lichen planus","volume":"12","author":"Falk","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1159\/000346750","article-title":"Topical retinoids in oral lichen planus treatment: An overview","volume":"226","author":"Petruzzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.03.034","article-title":"A randomized double-blind, positive-control trial of topical thalidomide in erosive oral lichen planus","volume":"110","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"21","article-title":"Thalidomide: Clinical Implications in Oral Mucosal Lesions\u2014An Update","volume":"8","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Health Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80255-0","article-title":"Dramatic response to levamisole and low-dose prednisolone in 23 patients with oral lichen planus: A 6-year prospective follow-up study","volume":"80","author":"Lu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-020-01858-1","article-title":"Evaluation of 5% Amlexenox Oral Paste and Rebamipide Tablets in Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis and Comparison with Dologel CT","volume":"74","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2011.10.013","article-title":"Amlexanox is as effective as dexamethasone in topical treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: A short-term pilot study","volume":"113","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.21608\/adjalexu.2019.57577","article-title":"The effect of topically applied hyaluronic acid gel versus topical corticosteroid in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus","volume":"44","author":"Youssef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alex. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"068002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.6.068002","article-title":"Efficacy of laser phototherapy in comparison to topical clobetasol for the treatment of oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Dillenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2233-7","article-title":"Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in management of symptomatic oral lichen planus: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Kalakonda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Deng, J., Zhao, Y., Tao, H., Dan, H., Xu, H., and Chen, Q. (2020). Efficacy evaluation of photodynamic therapy for oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01260-x"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandhu, S., Klein, B.A., Al-Hadlaq, M., Chirravur, P., Bajonaid, A., Xu, Y., Intini, R., Hussein, M., Vacharotayangul, P., and Sroussi, H. (2022). Oral lichen planus: Comparative efficacy and treatment costs\u2014A systematic review. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02168-4"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2478\/folmed-2018-0017","article-title":"Oral lichen planus\u2014Known and unknown: A review","volume":"60","author":"Mutafchieva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.0468","article-title":"Oral Lichen Planus Treated with Plasma Rich in Growth Factors","volume":"109","author":"Anitua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2016-0048","article-title":"Platelet Rich Plasma: A short overview of certain bioactive components","volume":"11","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12679","article-title":"Systematic review of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparation and composition for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"17","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2021.08.010","article-title":"Characterization of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) and its biological effects in patients with Behcet\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Huber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"232","article-title":"Evaluating the Efficacy of Intra-articular Injections of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and its Impact on Inflammatory Cytokines, Disease Activity and Quality of Life","volume":"17","author":"Saif","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"8761485","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: Case series and review of literature","volume":"2020","author":"Badsha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e19629","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for rheumatoid arthritis: A case series","volume":"13","author":"Shively","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-020-03195-9","article-title":"Fractional CO2 laser, platelet rich plasma and narrow band ultraviolet B in the treatment of Vitiligo (A randomized clinical trial)","volume":"36","author":"Afify","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12388","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of platelet rich plasma in combination with methotrexate in chronic plaque psoriatic patients","volume":"29","author":"Chakravdhanula","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12397","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, half-head study to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma on alopecia areata","volume":"169","author":"Trink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"63","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of lichen sclerosus","volume":"8","author":"Villalpando","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthet. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12343","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma as a novel treatment for lichen planopilaris","volume":"29","author":"Bolanca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Gambino, A. (2018, January 19\u201320). Possible use of platelet gel in ulcerative-erosive oral lesions. Proceedings of the 5th National and 1st International Symposium of Italian Society of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Ancona, Italy."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12363","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma for resistant oral erosions of pemphigus vulgaris: A pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-018-1824-x","article-title":"Autologous platelet-rich plasma and triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection in the treatment of oral erosions of pemphigus vulgaris: A pilot study","volume":"310","author":"Saleh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.12.006","article-title":"Biomolecules in the treatment of lichen planus refractory to corticosteroid therapy: Clinical and histopathological assessment","volume":"216","author":"Pinas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142035","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2022.2142035","article-title":"A comprehensive review of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of dermatologic disorders","volume":"34","author":"Pixley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2015.08.014","article-title":"Is Platelet-Rich Plasma a Future Therapy in Pain Management?","volume":"100","author":"Knezevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.08.063","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: A bio mimetic approach to enhancement of surgical wound healing","volume":"207","author":"Cabrera","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merigo, E., Oppici, A., Parlatore, A., Cella, L., Clini, F., Fontana, M., and Fornaini, C. (2018). Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Rinses for the Treatment of Non-Responding Oral Lichen Planus: A Case Report. Biomedicines, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010015"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma a new prospective in treatment of recalcitrant erosive lichen planus\u2013a case report","volume":"3","author":"Shaik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias Visualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Meth."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"459","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: Therapy and phenotype","volume":"153","author":"Saraceno","year":"2018","journal-title":"G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.09.008","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of effectiveness of autologous platelet rich plasma and intralesional corticosteroids in the management of erosive oral Lichen planus\u2014A clinical study","volume":"10","author":"Ahuja","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.21608\/edj.2021.51346.1366","article-title":"Clinical Evaluation of The Efficiency of Intralesional Injection of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma In Treatment Of Erosive Oral Lichen planus","volume":"67","author":"Mowafey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. Dental. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.550","article-title":"Efficacy of intralesional injections of platelet-rich plasma in patients with oral lichen planus: A pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Hijazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ElGhareeb, M.I., Ghoneimy, S., and Elsayed, A. (2023). Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma versus steroid in the treatment of oral lichen planus. J. Cosmet. Dermatol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15622"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023213","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1023213","article-title":"Updates on immunological mechanistic insights and targeting of the oral lichen planus microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5454.860","article-title":"Eta-1 (osteopontin): An early component of type-1 (cell-mediated) immunity","volume":"287","author":"Ashkar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200209)32:9<2532::AID-IMMU2532>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Trafficking of CD44-deficient murine lymphocytes under normal and inflammatory conditions","volume":"32","author":"Stoop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00713.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analyses of survivin and heat shock protein 90 expression in patients with oral lichen planus","volume":"38","author":"Chaiyarit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1412","article-title":"Pathways of apoptotic and non-apoptotic death in tumour cells","volume":"4","author":"Okada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632015592101","article-title":"Active inflammatory biomarkers in oral lichen planus","volume":"28","author":"Santarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10419","article-title":"High serum level of interleukin-6 is linked with dyslipidemia in oral lichen planus","volume":"22","author":"Toader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212803307617","article-title":"Topical therapies for oral lichen planus management and their efficacy: A narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Bagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"9946","article-title":"Efficacy of topical hyaluronic acid for symptomatic oral lichen planus: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Alanazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.13.59","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma: Underlying biology and clinical correlates","volume":"8","author":"Andia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Alves, R., and Grimalt, R. (2016). Clinical Indications and Treatment Protocols with Platelet-Rich Plasma in Dermatology, Ediciones Mayo."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9527-7","article-title":"Current clinical recommendations for use of platelet-rich plasma","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2016.10.029","article-title":"American College of Surgeons and Surgical Infection Society: Surgical site infection guidelines, 2016 update","volume":"224","author":"Ban","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.12.046","article-title":"Relation between topical application of platelet-rich plasma and vancomycin and severe deep sternal wound infections after a first median sternotomy","volume":"113","author":"Hamman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-016-0452-9","article-title":"Evaluation of autologous platelet rich plasma for cardiac surgery: Outcome analysis of 2000 patients","volume":"11","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1304537","article-title":"Incidence of deep sternal wound infection is not reduced with autologous platelet rich plasma in high-risk cardiac surgery patients","volume":"61","author":"Dorge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-10-23","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in dental and oral surgery: From the wound healing to bone regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00408-5","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma and its Use for Cicatricial and Non-Cicatricial Alopecias: A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2015.03.003","article-title":"Involvement of cytochrome P450 in reactive oxygen species formation and cancer","volume":"74","author":"Hrycay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12300","article-title":"Oxidative stress in oral diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kesarwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.159624","article-title":"Alterations in lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in lichen planus","volume":"60","author":"Panchal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.04.029","article-title":"Role of platelet-released growth factors in detoxification of reactive oxygen species in osteoblasts","volume":"65","author":"Tohidnezhad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20113","article-title":"The feasibility of monitoring NF-kappa B associated cytokines: TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in whole saliva for the malignant transformation of oral lichen planus","volume":"44","author":"Rhodus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.070583","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor exerts its anti-inflammatory action by disrupting nuclear factor-\u03baB signaling","volume":"173","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.10.031","article-title":"Interleukin-10 paradox: A potent immunoregulatory cytokine that has been difficult to harness for immunotherapy","volume":"74","author":"Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e","article-title":"Cytokines, inflammation, and pain","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4493","article-title":"Biology of platelet-rich plasma and its clinical application in cartilage repair","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00869.x","article-title":"Release of potential immunomodulatory factors during platelet storage","volume":"46","author":"Cognasse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2956","article-title":"Platelets and the immune continuum","volume":"11","author":"Semple","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00782.x","article-title":"Molecular mechanism and function of CD40\/CD40L engagement in the immune system","volume":"229","author":"Elgueta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.07.003","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 mediates inflammation in experimental cerebral malaria","volume":"4","author":"Srivastava","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.5.2680","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 differentially modulates CD4+CD25+ (regulatory) versus CD4+CD25- (nonregulatory) T cells","volume":"174","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI71858","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 limits Th17 differentiation and cardiac allograft rejection","volume":"124","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.06.022","article-title":"Validation of instruments to measure the symptoms and signs of oral lichen planus","volume":"105","author":"Silverman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03695-6","article-title":"The patient acceptable symptom state in oral lichen planus: Identification of cut-off threshold scores in measures of pain and quality of life","volume":"25","author":"Wiriyakijja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1992.tb00974.x","article-title":"Relative efficacy of fluocinolone acetonide compared with triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of oral lichen planus","volume":"21","author":"Thongprasom","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08106.x","article-title":"A scoring system for mucosal disease severity with special reference to oral lichen planus","volume":"157","author":"Escudier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.07.013","article-title":"Scoring system for monitoring oral lichenoid lesions: A preliminary study","volume":"99","author":"Piboonniyom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12197","article-title":"The microbiology of oral lichen planus: Is microbial infection the cause of oral lichen planus?","volume":"33","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13232","article-title":"Potential association between Fusobacterium nucleatum enrichment on oral mucosal surface and oral lichen planus","volume":"26","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Maiorani, C., Milone, A., Alovisi, M., and Scribante, A. (2022). Paraprobiotics in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy: Clinical and Microbiological Aspects in a 6-Month Follow-Up Domiciliary Protocol for Oral Hygiene. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020337"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butera, A., Gallo, S., Pascadopoli, M., Taccardi, D., and Scribante, A. (2022). Home oral care of periodontal patients using antimicrobial gel with postbiotics, lactoferrin, and aloe barbadensis leaf juice powder vs. conventional chlorhexidine gel: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010118"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everts, P., Onishi, K., Jayaram, P., Lana, J.F., and Mautner, K. (2020). Platelet-Rich Plasma: New Performance Understandings and Therapeutic Considerations in 2020. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0069.v1"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/4\/746\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1760123633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/4\/746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59040746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59040746","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}}}