{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1760148307507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kanagawa Dental University Research Fund and JSPS KAKENHI","award":["17K01377"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K01377"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Patients with diabetes are more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) because they are easily infected. Salivary IgA (sali-IgA) levels play a major role in transmitting URTIs. Sali-IgA levels are determined by salivary gland IgA production and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-IgR) expression. However, it is unknown whether salivary gland IgA production and poly-IgR expression are decreased in patients with diabetes. While exercise is reported to increase or decrease the sali-IgA levels, it is unclear how exercise affects the salivary glands of patients with diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effects of diabetes and voluntary exercise on IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Ten spontaneously diabetic Otsuka Long\u2013Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats (eight-week-old) were divided into two groups of five rats each: a non-exercise group (OLETF-C) and a voluntary wheel-running group (OLETF-E). Five Long\u2013Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats without diabetes were bred under the same conditions as the OLETF-C. Sixteen weeks after the study began, the submandibular glands (SGs) were collected and analyzed for IgA and poly-IgR expression levels. Results: IgA concentrations and poly-IgR expression levels in SGs were lower in OLETF-C and OLETF-E than in LETO (p &lt; 0.05). These values did not differ between the OLETF-C and OLETF-E. Conclusions: Diabetes decreases IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of rats. Moreover, voluntary exercise increases sali-IgA levels but does not increase IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands of diabetic rats. Increasing IgA production and poly-IgR expression in the salivary glands, which is reduced in diabetes, might require slightly higher-intensity exercise than voluntary exercise under the supervision of a doctor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Diabetes and Voluntary Exercise on IgA Concentration and Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor Expression in the Submandibular Gland of Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Jaebum","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouki","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoko","family":"Wada-Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Physiology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun-suke","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7151-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiya","family":"Morozumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 9518580, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuhisa","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Saita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7566-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juri","family":"Saruta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education Planning, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wakako","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oral Anatomy, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Implantology and Periodontology, Kanagawa Dental University, 3-31-6 Tsuruya, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 2210835, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Mikuni-Takagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Tsukinoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Pathology, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13636","article-title":"Retrospective nationwide study on the trends in first-line antidiabetic medication for patients with type 2 diabetes in Japan","volume":"13","author":"Bouchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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