{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:16Z","timestamp":1787028916275,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1G1A1007886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1007886"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1007886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1007886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["2021R1G1A1007886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1007886"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Chronic viral hepatitis such as hepatitis B or hepatitis C is frequently related to nephropathies, yet acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is an exception. Materials and Methods: A 43-year-old male presented with jaundice accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The patient was diagnosed with acute HAV infection. Although the liver function improved after conservative treatment, various symptoms such as proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema and pleural effusion persisted. Due to nephrotic syndrome, the patient was referred to the clinic of the nephrology department and a renal biopsy was performed. Results: The result of the renal biopsy was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) based on histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Therefore, based on the clinical history and biopsy results, the patient was diagnosed as having FSGS aggravated by acute HAV infection. Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and generalized edema were improved after prednisolone treatment. Conclusions: Although less common, acute HAV infection can also present with an extrahepatic manifestation, for example, FSGS. Hence, clinical attention is required if proteinuria or hypoalbuminemia persists in patients with acute HAV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1682308883000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Followed by Acute Hepatitis A Infection: Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Min-Woo","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7802-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Ju","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8673-873X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Kuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahrim","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Gyune","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32165-9","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations of viral hepatitis","volume":"1","author":"Amarapurkar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.17998\/jlc.2022.09.18","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of Korean patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to etiology","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Liver Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-001-0044-1","article-title":"Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"3","author":"Pyrsopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.17998\/jlc.2022.09.20","article-title":"Is direct-acting antiviral treatment beneficial or harmful for patients with hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma?","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Liver Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a031708","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a031708","article-title":"Natural History, Clinical Manifestations, and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis A","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.131695","article-title":"Guillain-Barre syndrome following acute viral hepatitis A","volume":"5","author":"Menon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01686.x","article-title":"Viral hepatitis and proteinuria in an area endemic for hepatitis B and C infections: Another chain of link?","volume":"260","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2016.07.004","article-title":"Hepatitis C and kidney disease: A narrative review","volume":"8","author":"Barsoum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2020.01.002","article-title":"Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, Natural History, Unusual Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention","volume":"49","author":"Abutaleb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.03.020","article-title":"Emerging Threat: Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis A and Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"26","author":"Andrievskaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"103","article-title":"Glomerulonephritis associated with arteritis in marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus","volume":"62","author":"Morita","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.08.018","article-title":"Spontaneous remission of IgA nephropathy associated with resolution of hepatitis A","volume":"56","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.10.1529","article-title":"Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with acute tubulointerstitial nephritis secondary to hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"25","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"186","article-title":"Acute glomerulonephritis in hepatitis A virus infection: A rare presentation","volume":"39","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Dr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c127","DOI":"10.1159\/000145455","article-title":"Acute hepatitis A-associated acute renal failure in adults","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-010-0147-z","article-title":"High-dose dexamethasone may prevent esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection","volume":"3","author":"Ono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"295","article-title":"Nephrotic syndrome and acute renal failure associated with hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"90","author":"Zikos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome with hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"33","author":"Mathur","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02231.x","article-title":"Fulminant hepatitis and glomerulonephritis--a rare presentation of hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"100","author":"Pal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"804","article-title":"A case of acute renal failure and IgA nephropathy associated with acute hepatitis A","volume":"67","author":"LEE","year":"2004","journal-title":"Korean J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"748","article-title":"Interstitial Nephritis and IgA Nephropathy in a Patient with Acute Hepatitis A","volume":"26","author":"HAN","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1984.04400020209039","article-title":"Hepatitis A-induced remission of minimal change nephropathy","volume":"144","author":"Kron","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199807000-00015","article-title":"Acute glomerulonephritis in hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"27","author":"Demircin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00098","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Proteinuria in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0357-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Reidy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2008.08.005","article-title":"HIV-associated nephropathy: Clinical presentation, pathology, and epidemiology in the era of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"28","author":"Wyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328345359a","article-title":"HIV-associated nephropathy: Pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Medapalli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"20","article-title":"Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and parvovirus B19","volume":"25","author":"Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent.)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2015.06.003","article-title":"Glomerular Diseases Associated With Hepatitis B and C","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/138.3.369","article-title":"Localization of hepatitis A antigen in marmoset organs during acute infection with hepatitis A virus","volume":"138","author":"Mathiesen","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00433.x","article-title":"Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury","volume":"62","author":"Han","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2010.00903.x","article-title":"TIM genes: A family of cell surface phosphatidylserine receptors that regulate innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"235","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001903","article-title":"Cellular focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Clinical and pathologic features","volume":"70","author":"Stokes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-015-1216-x","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for nephrotic syndrome 2014","volume":"20","author":"Nishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.10.004","article-title":"Etiologies of bilateral pleural effusions","volume":"107","author":"Puchalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.4.1018","article-title":"Pleural effusions in the medical ICU: Prevalence, causes, and clinical implications","volume":"111","author":"Mattison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"479","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults","volume":"93","author":"Kodner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2020.08.002","article-title":"Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Politano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05960616","article-title":"Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i8.821","article-title":"Meta-analysis of combined therapy for adult hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Li, H., Su, W., Wen, Y.B., Ye, W., Ye, W.L., Cai, J.F., Qin, X.Z., Li, X.M., and Li, X.W. (2020). Clinicopathological study of mixed cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis secondary to hepatitis B virus infection. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02057-4"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/5\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:21:16Z","timestamp":1760124076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/5\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59050819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59050819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]}}}