{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T01:19:59Z","timestamp":1793841599741,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis is an important autoimmune thyroid condition. It is characterized by lymphocytic congestion of the thyroid gland followed by progressive deterioration and fibrous substitution of the thyroid in the parenchymal structure. This study has provided insight into the variations of blood pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s disease and the key role of vitamin D levels among selected patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 144 participants including healthy controls and patients were studied in the current study in which 118 were female and 26 were male. The thyroid profile was evaluated in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and healthy controls. Results: The mean \u00b1 SD Free T4 in the patients was recorded as 14.0 \u00b1 4.9 pg\/mL, and TSH was 7.6 \u00b1 2.5 IU\/L, whereas the median \u00b1 IQR thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TG) were 285 \u00b1 142. Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) were 160 \u00b1 63.5, whereas in the healthy controls, the mean \u00b1 SD Free T4 was recorded as 17.2 \u00b1 2.1 pg\/mL, and TSH was 2.1 \u00b1 1.4 IU\/L, whereas the median \u00b1 IQR anti-TGs were 56.30 \u00b1 46.06, and anti-TPO was 5.6 \u00b1 5.12. The assessment of pro-inflammatory cytokines (pg\/mL) and total Vitamin D levels (nmol\/L) in patients with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis was recorded with values IL-1B 6.2 \u00b1 0.8, IL-6 9.4 \u00b1 0.4, IL-8 7.5 \u00b1 0.5, IL-10 4.3 \u00b1 0.1, IL-12 3.8 \u00b1 0.5, TNF-\u03b1 7.6 \u00b1 1.1, and total vitamin D 21.89 \u00b1 3.5, whereas in healthy controls the mean \u00b1 SD IL-1B was 0.6 \u00b1 0.1, IL-6 2.6 \u00b1 0.5, IL-8 3.0 \u00b1 1.2, IL-10 3.3 \u00b1 1.3, IL-12 3.4 \u00b1 0.4, TNF-\u03b1 1.4 \u00b1 0.3 and total vitamin D was 42.26 \u00b1 5.5. Conclusions: It was found that individuals with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis had raised serum levels of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-\u03b1 as compared to the healthy controls, whereas the total vitamin D levels were remarkably low as compared to health controls. Serum TSH, anti-TG, and anti-TPO levels were typically lower in controls and much higher in individuals with Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis. The current study\u2019s findings might aid in future studies and in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune thyroid disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T10:51:52Z","timestamp":1682679112000},"page":"853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Association of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines with Vitamin D in Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroid Autoimmune Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3099-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Siddiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Khaliq","family":"Naveed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabila","family":"Ghaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Avicenna Medical College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1504-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118001192","article-title":"Multiple nutritional factors and thyroid disease, with particular reference to autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"78","author":"Rayman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. 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