{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:10:24Z","timestamp":1760148624400,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","award":["U01 HL089897","U01 HL089856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 HL089897","U01 HL089856"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually comorbid with other chronic diseases. We aimed to assess the multimorbidity medication patterns and explore if the patterns are similar for phase 1 (P1) and 5-year follow-up phase 2 (P2) in the COPDGene cohort. Materials and Methods: A total of 5564 out of 10,198 smokers from the COPDGene cohort who completed 2 visits, P1 and P2 visits, with complete medication use history were included in the study. We conducted latent class analysis (LCA) among the 27 categories of chronic disease medications, excluding COPD treatments and cancer medications at P1 and P2 separately. The best number of LCA classes was determined through both statistical fit and interpretation of the patterns. Results: We found four classes of medication patterns at both phases. LCA showed that both phases shared similar characteristics in their medication patterns: LC0: low medication; LC1: hypertension (HTN) or cardiovascular disease (CVD)+high cholesterol (Hychol) medication predominant; LC2: HTN\/CVD+type 2 diabetes (T2D) +Hychol medication predominant; LC3: Hychol medication predominant. Conclusions: We found similar multimorbidity medication patterns among smokers at P1 and P2 in the COPDGene cohort, which provides an understanding of how multimorbidity medication clustered and how different chronic diseases combine in smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T10:01:13Z","timestamp":1684404073000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Assessment of Multimorbidity Medication Patterns among Smokers in the COPDGene Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6191-2471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yisha","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Schmiege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8070-5323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8664-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendra A.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Hokanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen I.","family":"Rennard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa L.","family":"Crume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Pratte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5218-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory L.","family":"Kinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2014). 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