{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:16:09Z","timestamp":1793312169480,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: An altered sympathetic function is established in primary arterial hypertension (PAH) development. Therefore, PAH could be targeted by applying an electric current to the medulla where reflex centers for blood pressure control reside. This study aims to evaluate the electric caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) stimulation effect on blood pressure and animal survivability in a freely moving rat model. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 Wistar rats aged 12\u201316 weeks were randomly assigned to either: the experimental group (n = 10; electrode tip implanted in CVLM region) or the control group (n = 10; tip implanted 4 mm above the CVLM in the cerebellum). After a period of recovery (4 days), an experimental phase ensued, divided into an \u201cOFF stimulation\u201d period (5\u20137 days post-surgery) and an \u201cON stimulation\u201d period (8\u201314 days post-surgery). Results: Three animals (15%, one in the control, two in the experimental group) dropped out due to postoperative complications. Arterial pressure in the experimental group rats during the \u201cOFF stimulation\u201d period decreased by 8.23 mm Hg (p = 0.001) and heart rate by 26.93 beats\/min (p = 0.008). Conclusions: From a physiological perspective, CVLM could be an effective deep brain stimulation (DBS) target for drug-resistant hypertension: able to influence the baroreflex arc directly, having no known direct integrative or neuroendocrine function. Targeting the baroreflex regulatory center, but not its sensory or effector parts, could lead to a more predictable effect and stability of the control system. Although targeting neural centers in the medullary region is considered dangerous and prone to complications, it could open a new vista for deep brain stimulation therapy. A possible change in electrode design would be required to apply CVLM DBS in clinical trials in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T02:04:21Z","timestamp":1685412261000},"page":"1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hypotensive Effect of Electric Stimulation of Caudal Ventrolateral Medulla in Freely Moving Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0381-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017dilvinas","family":"Chomanskis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Jonkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5787-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadas","family":"Danielius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Paulauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4546-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Orvydait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazimieras","family":"Melaika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osvaldas","family":"Ruk\u0161\u0117nas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaiva","family":"Hendrixson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-641X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saulius","family":"Ro\u010dka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90062-4","article-title":"Effect of parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation","volume":"345","author":"Limousin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0708514","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"359","author":"Mallet","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. 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