{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:20:09Z","timestamp":1768098009507,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This paper presents a unique study that links the physical conditions in the nasal passage with conditions that favour the development of bacterial strains and the colonization of the mucous membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses. The physical parameters considered were air flow, pressure, humidity, and temperature. Materials and Methods: Numerical models of the human nose and maxillary sinus were retrospectively reconstructed from CT images of generally healthy young subjects. The state-of-the-art numerical methods and tools were then used to determine the temperature, humidity, airflow velocity, and pressure at specific anatomical locations. Results: The results were compared with optimal conditions for bacterial growth in the nose and sinuses. Conclusions: Temperature, humidity, air velocity, and pressure were shown to play critical roles in the selection and distribution of microorganisms. Furthermore, certain combinations of physical parameters can favour mucosal colonisation by various strains of bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T01:38:26Z","timestamp":1686015506000},"page":"1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Physical Conditions Prevailing in the Nasal and Maxillary Sinus Cavities Based on Numerical Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Morawska-Kochman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-760X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziemowit Mi\u0142osz","family":"Malecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Zub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kielar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cryogenics and Aerospace Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Dudek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Nelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Ward, EMC Hospital, Pilczycka 144, 54-144 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Health Department, Academy of Applied Sciences, Academy of Silesius, Zamkowa 4, 58-300 Walbrzych, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-4806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Zatonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Amorosa, L., and Latini, G. 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