{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:54Z","timestamp":1760149314992,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]],"date-time":"2023-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 109-2410-H-030-059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2410-H-030-059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationships between smoking status and health-related physical fitness and balance ability in older males residing in Taiwan. This investigation adopted a cross-sectional design, utilizing data from 7688 older males who took part in the 2014\u20132015 wave of the National Physical Fitness Survey of Taiwan. Various data sources, including a standardized structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, health-related physical fitness assessments, and balance ability tests, were analyzed. The participants were divided into three categories based on their smoking habits: never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. Multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate the linear association between cigarette smoking status and health-related physical fitness and balance ability performance. Health-related physical fitness and balance performance were significantly greater (p &lt; 0.05) in the never smoker group than in the current smoker group. Current smoking status was significantly negatively (p &lt; 0.05) associated with cardiopulmonary function, muscular endurance, flexibility, and balance performance. A history of smoking (former smoker) was significantly negatively (p &lt; 0.05) associated with the 2-min step test, 30-s arm curl and chair stand, as well as the 8-foot up-and-go test; however, the association was not significant for the back scratch, chair sit-and-reach, and one-leg stance with eyes open performance. These results suggest that current cigarette smoking is detrimental to health-related physical fitness and balance performance in older males. Quitting smoking may reverse the effects of smoking on overall body flexibility and static balance performance in Taiwanese older adults, thereby reducing the risk of falls and incapacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59071350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations between Smoking Status and Health-Related Physical Fitness and Balance Ability among Older Males in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Yi-Chuan","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Management, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung City 404, Taiwan"},{"name":"Sports Administration, Ministry of Education, Taipei City 104, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Fu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Ilan University, Yilan County 260, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Fang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan-Jhu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenn-Woei","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"Office of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1283-5203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Chang","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health and Information Technology, College of Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan"},{"name":"Sports Medicine Center, Fu Jen Catholic Hospital, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2346-920X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Tsung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Leisure Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, May 15). 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