{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:51:40Z","timestamp":1793746300718,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a prevalent form of urinary tract diseases affecting individuals of all ages and genders. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), UTIs are a significant burden on the healthcare system, comprising 10% of all infections and ranking as the second leading cause of emergency department admissions. Despite this, limited research has been conducted in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Jazan Province, located in the southwestern region. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study encompassed individuals with positive urine cultures who sought care at a tertiary hospital in Jazan between January 2022 and March 2023. A standardized data collection form was utilized to retrieve relevant information from microbiology lab test results and patients\u2019 electronic medical records. Variables such as sex, urine sample collection date, bacterial isolates, antibiotic sensitivity, and resistance were collected using the data collection form. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: A total of 1082 urinary bacterial samples were isolated and identified. Females accounted for more bacterial infections (62.66%) than males (37.34%). Gram-negative bacteria represented 94% of all isolated strains. The most prevalent pathogens associated with UTIs were Escherichia coli (47.97%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (24.58%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.55%). Antimicrobial resistance patterns indicated the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) (30.13%), carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacter (CRE) (1.94%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (0.74%), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) (0.18%). UTI incidence demonstrated a higher prevalence in September (13%) compared to other months in 2022. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the predominant Gram-negative multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO), accounting for 34.42%, 13.95%, and 1.63% of the population. Conclusions: The prevalence of UTIs caused by antibiotic-resistant microbes is notable in Jazan. Consistent with findings from other regions, Escherichia coli remains the most common causative pathogen of UTIs, displaying a seasonal pattern that warrants attention. Approximately 35% of reported cases involve MDRO, with ESBLs accounting for 30%. These results should raise concerns among healthcare officials, highlighting the necessity for further investigations into factors contributing to the circulation of MDRO in Jazan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:04:38Z","timestamp":1690974278000},"page":"1411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Urinary Tract Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study from Southwestern Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-6540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz H.","family":"Alhazmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Alameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandar M.","family":"Abuageelah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Batterjee Medical College, Aseer 62451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena H.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-9642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mousa","family":"Mobarki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaqraa","family":"Musawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Applied Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moayad","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullatif","family":"Matabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Dhayhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahad Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2021.2.206","article-title":"Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection in Children in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"93","author":"Alrasheedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, M.A., Sadoma, H.H.M., Mathew, S., Alghamdi, S., Malik, J.A., and Anwar, S. (2021). Retrospective Analysis of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Uropathogens Isolated from Pediatric Patients in Tertiary Hospital at Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111564"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026851","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3026851","article-title":"Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance and Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Carriage of Clinical Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"2018","author":"Alqasim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). Target Product Profiles for Oral Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240003873."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2023, July 28). CDC Urinary Tract Infection, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/uti.html."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2017.11.013","article-title":"Aspects of urinary tract infections and antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized urology patients in Asia: 10-Year results of the Global Prevalence Study of Infections in Urology (GPIU)","volume":"24","author":"Choe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S250654","article-title":"A Systematic Review on Drug Resistant Urinary Tract Infection Among Pregnant Women in Developing Countries in Africa and Asia; 2005\u20132016","volume":"13","author":"Belete","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abalkhail, A., AlYami, A.S., Alrashedi, S.F., Almushayqih, K.M., Alslamah, T., Alsalamah, Y.A., and Elbehiry, A. (2022). The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Producing ESBL among Male and Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10091778"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sula, I., Alreshidi, M.A., Alnasr, N., Hassaneen, A.M., and Saquib, N. (2023). Urinary Tract Infections in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a Review. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040952"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract11030080","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and ESBL of Uropathogens Isolated from Adult Females in Najran Region of Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Alasmary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.9517","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Balkhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S178855","article-title":"An Evaluation of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection and Appropriateness of Treatment in an Emergency Department in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Alanazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2022.43.8.20220238","article-title":"The Prevalence of Multiple Drug Resistant Urinary Tract Infections: A Single-Centered, Observational Retrospective Study in King Abdulaziz Specialized Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia: A Single-Centered, Observational Retrospective Study in King Abdulaziz Specialized Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia","volume":"43","author":"Alhomayani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhazmi, A., Abuallut, I., Alwadani, I., Haddad, M., Ageeli, B., Majrabi, H., Muslihi, I., AlAli, L., Homadi, H., and Madkhli, E. (2022). Neonatal Healthcare-Associated Conjunctivitis: A Descriptive Study from Saudi Arabia. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101448"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.12.36","article-title":"Preventing Urinary Tract Infection: Progress toward an Effective Escherichia coli Vaccine","volume":"11","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Mechanisms of Infection and Treatment Options","volume":"13","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenta, A., Dagnew, M., Eshetie, S., and Belachew, T. (2020). Bacterial Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection among Clinically Suspected Children Attending at Felege-Hiwot Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A Prospective Study. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05402-y"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881700259X","article-title":"Seasonality of Urinary Tract Infections in the United Kingdom in Different Age Groups: Longitudinal Analysis of The Health Improvement Network (THIN)","volume":"146","author":"Rosello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.15171\/jrip.2019.15","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"8","author":"Rajabnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Renal Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shields, R.K., Zhou, Y., Kanakamedala, H., and Cai, B. (2021). Burden of Illness in US Hospitals Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Urinary Tract Infections in Patients with or without Bacteraemia. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06229-x"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.11.009","article-title":"Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli in Community-Onset Urinary Tract Infections in France in 2013","volume":"72","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4103\/JPBS.JPBS_217_18","article-title":"Relationship between Antimicrobial Prescribing and Antimicrobial Resistance among UTI Patients at Buraidah Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Alsohaim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S350048","article-title":"Evaluating the Prevalence and the Risk Factors of Gram-Negative Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria in Eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.43-48.2006","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa : Risk Factors and Clinical Impact","volume":"50","author":"Aloush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510004","article-title":"Incidence of Hospital Acquired Multidrug Resistant Organisms in a Tertiary Care Facility","volume":"1","author":"Baig","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.1.21094","article-title":"The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing OXA-48 and NDM in the Southern (Asir) province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"39","author":"Alsiri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12301-022-00314-6","article-title":"Intracellular bacterial communities in patient with recurrent urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus agalactiae: A case report and literature review","volume":"28","author":"Valencia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballesteros-Monrreal, M.G., Arenas-Hern\u00e1ndez, M.M.P., Barrios-Villa, E., Juarez, J., \u00c1lvarez-Ainza, M.L., Taboada, P., De la Rosa-L\u00f3pez, R., Bolado-Mart\u00ednez, E., and Valencia, D. (2021). Bacterial Morphotypes as Important Trait for Uropathogenic E. coli Diagnostic; a Virulence-Phenotype-Phylogeny Study. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9112381"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1411\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:36Z","timestamp":1760127876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59081411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59081411","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]}}}