{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:04:05Z","timestamp":1790903045271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Granulomatous mastitis is a benign disease with a clinical presentation similar to that of breast cancer, and is most commonly observed in women of childbearing age. Although it has been suggested that autoimmune diseases are involved in its pathogenesis, no specific treatments have been established. The occurrence of this disease during pregnancy has rarely been reported. We presented the case of a 37-year-old woman who complained of left breast induration at 24 weeks\u2019 gestation. Materials and Methods: She was pregnant and manifested a dichorionic, diamniotic placenta. At 24 weeks of gestation, the patient experienced a sensation of hardness in her left breast. Mastitis was suspected, and she was treated with cephem antibiotics. Simultaneously, she was diagnosed with erythema nodosum in the extremities. As her symptoms did not improve, an incisional drainage was performed. Bacterial cultures were obtained at 31 weeks of gestation, and Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii was detected. Results: An elective cesarean section was performed at 37 weeks of gestation, and the baby was delivered safely. After delivery, a needle biopsy was performed, and the patient was diagnosed with granulomatous mastitis. She was completely cured with prednisolone after weaning. In this case, the patient\u2019s condition was maintained through incision and drainage, as well as antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic drugs during pregnancy. This approach was chosen, taking into consideration the potential side effects of steroids. Conclusions: This case suggests that incisional drainage and antibiotic therapy, as well as steroids and surgery, may be considered in the treatment of granulomatous mastitis occurring during pregnancy. This may also be true for management during delivery. After delivery, breastfeeding and steroidal therapy proved to be effective in treating the condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:08:43Z","timestamp":1691060923000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Granulomatous Mastitis Occurring during Pregnancy: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6904-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryusei","family":"Yoshino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nana","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akane","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanami","family":"Ujiie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Nakatsubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manami","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kitada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Breast Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka Higashi, Asahikawa-shi 078-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X13502474","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis with erythema nodosum simulating breast abscess in pregnancy: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Lucas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206180","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: An update","volume":"73","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02563-x","article-title":"Red flags for the differential diagnosis of granulomatous mastitis: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"e38377","article-title":"Concurrent granulomatous mastitis and ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"15","author":"Yoshida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4274\/ejbh.galenos.2021.2021-10-5","article-title":"A rare case of granulomatous mastitis in the accessory axillary breast of a pregnant woman successfully treated by surgery","volume":"18","author":"Nakamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Breast Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04820-8","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis, erythema nodosum and arthritis syndrome: Case-based review","volume":"41","author":"Parperis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"e24990","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis with erythema nodosum during pregnancy: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Mabuchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-021-02367-6","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: Introducing a diagnostic algorithm based on 5 years of follow-up of 152 cases from Turkey and a review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Velidedeoglu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-021-00370-8","article-title":"Management of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in lactation: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Kornfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Breastfeed. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25912","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025912","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis in multiparae during pregnancy and lactation: Observational study (STROBE compliant)","volume":"100","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:25:07Z","timestamp":1760127907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59081418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59081418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]}}}