{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:13Z","timestamp":1787028913119,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between various factors predisposing to the formation of spondylolisthesis, including degenerative spondylolisthesis, has been analyzed by many authors. However, not all observations are consistent. In this review, we identified factors whose impact on the prevalence of spondylolisthesis was most often mentioned in the literature. These included gender, age, bone mineral density, ethnic origin, and oophorectomy. The results were inclusive in terms of physical activity, pregnancy status, and use of hormone replacement therapy. Associations between diabetes and smoking were very poorly marked. The literature so far has identified a number of factors significantly affecting the incidence of degenerative spondylolisthesis. These include age, gender, body weight, ethnic origin, bone mineral density, and hormonal balance. Radiological parameters, which include iliac crest, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and lumbar lordosis, may also be of great importance for assessing changes in the occurrence and progression. However, the authors do not agree on the real significance of individual factors. The aim of this review was to identify the factors predisposing to the formation of degenerative spondylolisthesis, the importance of which has been suggested in the current literature. The systematization of knowledge in this field can allow a more accurate adjustment of the treatment plan for each patient affected by this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Factors Predisposing to The Formation of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Kulesza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6723-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Go\u0142\u0119biowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Regional Hospital in Kielce, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart\u0142omiej","family":"Tyzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Szczepanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Errico, T.J., Lonner, B.S., and Moulton, A.W. (2009). Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities, Sounders Elsevier. Introduction to Chapter 17."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shamrock, A.G., Donnally, C.J., and Varacallo, M. (2019). Lumbar Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1298615","article-title":"Risk factors for degenerative spondylolisthesis: A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"DeVine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Spine-Care J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199812010-00020","article-title":"Lumbar Olisthesis and Lower Back Symptoms in Elderly White Women","volume":"23","author":"Vogt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(03)00024-X","article-title":"Lumbar spine listhesis in older African American women","volume":"3","author":"Vogt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.011775","article-title":"Occupational and personal factors associated with acquired lumbar spondylolisthesis of urban taxi drivers","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup. Environ Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000250979.12398.96","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: An epidemiological perspective: The Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study","volume":"32","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818edcfd","article-title":"Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: Prevalence and association with low back pain in the adult community-based population","volume":"34","author":"Kalichman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bd9e19","article-title":"Lumbar spondylolisthesis among elderly men: Prevalence, correlates and progression","volume":"35","author":"Denard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200204000-00001","article-title":"Lumbar Multilevel Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Radiological Evaluation and Factors Related to Anterolisthesis and Retrolisthesis","volume":"15","author":"Iguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198009000-00004","article-title":"The pathological anatomy of degenerative spondylolisthesis. A cadaver study","volume":"5","author":"Farfan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"52","article-title":"Classification, Terminology and Measurements in Spondylolisthesis","volume":"1","author":"Wiltse","year":"1981","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"17","article-title":"Spondylolysis: A review and reappraisal","volume":"14","author":"Syrmou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5623.76","article-title":"Osteoporosis of Lumbar Vertebrae and Calcification of Abdominal Aorta in Women Living in Durban","volume":"4","author":"Dent","year":"1968","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197557040-00004","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis. Predisposing factors","volume":"57","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B1.7822369","article-title":"Oophorectomy predisposes to degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"77-B","author":"Imada","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B6.0780951","article-title":"The influence of pregnancy on the development of degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"78","author":"Sanderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809010-00014","article-title":"Degenerative Displacement of Lumbar Vertebrae. A 25-year follow-up study in Framingham","volume":"23","author":"Kauppila","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00266341","article-title":"Biomechanical and hormonal factors in the etiology of congenital dislocation of the hip joint","volume":"1","author":"Yamamuro","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900601400103","article-title":"Prevalence of Osteoarthritis, Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures, and Spondylolisthesis among the Elderly in a Japanese Village","volume":"14","author":"Horikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-005-0036-1","article-title":"Relationship between alterations of the lumbar spine, visualized with magnetic resonance imaging, and occupational variables","volume":"16","author":"Mariconda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B3.19606","article-title":"Degenerative lumbosacral spondylolisthesis: Possible factors which predispose the fifth lumbar vertebra to slip","volume":"90","author":"Hosoe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817b8fbd","article-title":"Disc Height and Lumbar Index as Independent Predictors of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in Middle-Aged Women with Low Back Pain","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1640-2","article-title":"Sagittal spinopelvic alignment and body mass index in patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"20","author":"Schuller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cdd1aa","article-title":"Radiographic Analysis of Newly Developed Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in a Mean Twelve-Year Prospective Study","volume":"35","author":"Aono","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-2048-3","article-title":"Does hormone replacement therapy prevent lateral rotatory spondylolisthesis in postmenopausal women?","volume":"21","author":"Ostertag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-013-3041-5","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of lumbar spondylolisthesis in elderly Chinese men and women","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3778-4","article-title":"Sagittal spinopelvic alignment in 654 degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"24","author":"Ferrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-015-0759-8","article-title":"Radiographic natural course of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis and its risk factors related to the progression and onset in a 15-year community-based cohort study: The Miyama study","volume":"20","author":"Enyo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37857","article-title":"Prevalence and Sex Difference of Lumbar Disc Space Narrowing in Elderly Chinese Men and Women: Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (Hong Kong) and Osteoporotic Fractures in Women (Hong Kong) Studies","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002178","article-title":"Degenerative Spondylolisthesis Is Related to Multiparity and Hysterectomies in Older Women","volume":"42","author":"Cholewicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5758-y","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis: A prospective cross-sectional cohort study on the role of weakened anterior abdominal musculature on causation","volume":"28","author":"Fraser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishimoto, Y., Cooper, C., Ntani, G., Yamada, H., Hashizume, H., Nagata, K., Muraki, S., Tanaka, S., Yoshida, M., and Yoshimura, N. (2019). Is radiographic lumbar spondylolisthesis associated with occupational exposures? Findings from a nested case control study within the Wakayama spine study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2994-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02561886","article-title":"Spondylolisthesen ohne spalt im Zwishengelenkstuck","volume":"29","author":"Junghanns","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Unfallchir."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.32B3.325","article-title":"Spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch; the so-called pseudo-spondylolisthesis","volume":"29","author":"Macnab","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.45B1.39","article-title":"The etiology of spondylolisthesis","volume":"45-B","author":"Newman","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.58B2.932080","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"58","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2008-21101","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: Anatomy, biomechanics and risk factors","volume":"21","author":"Kalichman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199011010-00021","article-title":"Natural History of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Pathogenesis and natural course of the slippage","volume":"15","author":"Matsunaga","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199301000-00013","article-title":"Etiology of spondylolisthesis. Assessment of the role played by lumbar facet joint morphology","volume":"18","author":"Grobler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"110","article-title":"Instability of the lumbar spine","volume":"165","author":"Farfan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"30","article-title":"Etiology of spondylolisthesis","volume":"117","author":"Taillard","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"336","article-title":"The relation of facet orientation to intervertebral disc failure","volume":"12","author":"Farfan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000154674.16708.af","article-title":"Expression of Estrogen Receptor of the Facet Joints in Degenerative Spondylolisthesis","volume":"30","author":"Ha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000155579.88537.8e","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis: Review of current trends and controversies","volume":"30","author":"Sengupta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200010000-00013","article-title":"The Relationship Between Disc Degeneration, Facet Joint Osteoarthritis, and Stability of the Degenerative Lumbar Spine","volume":"13","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02426455","article-title":"Specific pattern of ruptured annulus fibrosus in lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"32","author":"Ito","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199401000-00002","article-title":"Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"2","author":"Frymoyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e31823972d4","article-title":"The pedicle-facet angle and tropism in the sagittal plane in degenerative spondylolisthesis: A computed tomography study using multiplanar reformations techniques","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord Tech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198802000-00012","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis. Pathophysiology and results of anterior interbody fusion","volume":"227","author":"Inoue","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198911000-00022","article-title":"The configuration of the laminas and facet joints in degenerative spondylolisthesis: A clinicoradiologic study","volume":"14","author":"Sato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s002640050180","article-title":"Predisposing factors in degenerative spondylolisthesis: A radiographic and CT study","volume":"21","author":"Cinotti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Orthop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050093","article-title":"Facet joint remodeling in degenerative spondylolisthesis: An investi-gation of joint orientation and tropism","volume":"7","author":"Berlemann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.81B4.0810670","article-title":"Degenerative spondylolisthesis. Developmental or acquired?","volume":"81","author":"Love","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760050158","article-title":"Biomechanical functions of the iliolumbar ligament in L5 spondylolysis","volume":"5","author":"Aihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748009112347","article-title":"Is generalized joint laxity a factor in spondylolisthesis?","volume":"9","author":"Bird","year":"1980","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1257-5","article-title":"Changes in paraspinal muscles and their association with low back pain and spinal degeneration: CT study","volume":"19","author":"Kalichman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.07.024","article-title":"Biomechanics of the spine. Part I: Spinal stability","volume":"82","author":"Izzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Q., Gao, T., Lv, X., Liu, X., Wan, Z., Dai, M., Zhang, B., and Nie, T. (2018). Correlation between the sagittal spinopelvic alignment and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: A retrospective study. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2073-z"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"933","article-title":"Exercise therapy effects on functional radiographic findings and segmental electromyographic activity in lumbar spine instability","volume":"74","author":"Lindgren","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Electric behaviour of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythm in low back pain patients and healthy controls","volume":"72","author":"Sihvonen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.188","article-title":"Predictors of L4\u2212L5 Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: L4 Inclination Angle and Facet Joint Angle","volume":"130","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199510000-00018","article-title":"Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups: A biomechanical in vitro study","volume":"20","author":"Stokes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130095","article-title":"The dose response rela-tionship between cumulative lifting load and lumbar disk degeneration based on magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"94","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3224","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3224","article-title":"Intervertebral disc degeneration: A focus on obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Cannata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181753bb1","article-title":"Progression and determinants of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging measures of lumbar disc degeneration: A five-year follow-up of adult male monozygotic twins","volume":"33","author":"Videman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"317","article-title":"Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and sports","volume":"18","author":"Rossi","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3579(89)80038-X","article-title":"6 Occupational spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis","volume":"3","author":"Jakab","year":"1989","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199605000-00014","article-title":"Competitive sports and the progression of spondylolisthesis","volume":"16","author":"Muschik","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000061992.98108.A0","article-title":"The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: 45-year follow-up evaluation","volume":"28","author":"Beutler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199203001-00002","article-title":"Effects of Continuous Quantitative Vibration on Rheologic and Biological Behaviors of the Intervertebral Disc","volume":"17","author":"Ishihara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5603\/IMH.2014.0013","article-title":"Vibration on board and health effects","volume":"65","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Marit. Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1226852","article-title":"Risk exposure to vibration and noise in the use of agricultural track-laying tractors","volume":"23","author":"Vallone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001507","article-title":"Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Progression and De Novo Spondylolisthesis in Elderly Chinese Men and Women: A Year-4 Follow-up Study","volume":"41","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"40","article-title":"The mechanical etiology of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis","volume":"117","author":"Farfan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"31","article-title":"The orientation of facet joints and transverse articular dimension in degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"88","author":"Tassanawipas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thail."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b20158","article-title":"Facet joint orientation difference between cephalad and caudal portions: A possible cause of degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Toyone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.07.387","article-title":"Association of catechol-O-methyltransferase genetic variants with outcome in patients undergoing surgical treatment for lumbar degenerative disc disease","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e260","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20140225-58","article-title":"Radiographic Predisposing Factors for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis","volume":"37","author":"Smorgick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2016.10.5.935","article-title":"Associated Factors for Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in Japanese Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Hip: A Radiographic Study","volume":"10","author":"Sasagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198311000-00012","article-title":"Degenerative Spondylolisthesis with an Intact Neural Arch: A Review of 60 Cases with an Analysis of Clinical Findings and the Development of Surgical Management","volume":"13","author":"Epstein","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31825e21b2","article-title":"Does Obesity Affect Outcomes of Treatment for Lumbar Stenosis and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis? Analysis of the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)","volume":"37","author":"Rihn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.11.SPINE1426","article-title":"Defining the inherent stability of degenerative spondylolisthesis: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Simmonds","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.3.180020","article-title":"Management of symptomatic degenerative low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"3","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817c4319","article-title":"Interaction Between Finite Helical Axes and Facet Joint Forces Under Combined Loading","volume":"33","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198303000-00002","article-title":"Load-Bearing Characteristics of Lumbar Facets in Normal and Surgically Altered Spinal Segments","volume":"8","author":"Lorenz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4808-6","article-title":"Correlation between correction of pelvic balance and clinical outcomes in mid- and low-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis","volume":"26","author":"Maciejczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199603000-00012","article-title":"Orientation of the lumbar facet joints: Association with degenerative disc disease","volume":"78","author":"Boden","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1233","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000427","article-title":"Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra and Radiographic Parameters: A Correlation Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000303194.02921.30","article-title":"Spinopelvic alignment of patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"61","author":"Barrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199912010-00016","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar listhesis and bone mineral density in elderly women. The study of osteoporotic fractures","volume":"24","author":"Vogt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100775","article-title":"Effect of Menopause on Lumbar Disk Degeneration: Potential Etiology","volume":"257","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1200-y","article-title":"Relationship between gender, bone mineral density, and disc degeneration in the lumbar spine: A study in elderly subjects using an eight-level MRI-based disc degeneration grading system","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199001000-00022","article-title":"Spondylolysis and associated spondylolisthesis in Eskimo and Athabascan populations","volume":"250","author":"Tower","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20376","article-title":"The genetic epidemiology ofjoint hypermobility: Apopulation studyoffemale twins","volume":"50","author":"Hakim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eskola, P.J., Lemmel\u00e4, S., Kjaer, P., Solovieva, S., M\u00e4nnikk\u00f6, M., Tommerup, N., Lind-Thomsen, A., Husgafvel-Pursiainen, K., Cheung, K.M.C., and Chan, D. (2012). Genetic Association Studies in Lumbar Disc Degeneration: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049995"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3687-y","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility of lumbar degenerative disc disease in young Indian adults","volume":"24","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0171-3","article-title":"Genetics of disc degeneration","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015644","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015644","article-title":"Association between COL11A1 (rs1337185) and ADAMTS5 (rs162509) gene polymorphisms and lumbar spine pathologies in Chinese Han population: An observational study","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100140405","article-title":"Primary immunolocalization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"421","article-title":"Expression of estrogen receptor related protein (p29) and estradiol binding in human arthritic synovium","volume":"22","author":"Ushiyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2007.11.001","article-title":"The medical management of menopause: A four-country comparison care in urban areas","volume":"59","author":"Sievert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2015.01.006","article-title":"Menopause","volume":"99","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2015.09.001","article-title":"Post-menopausal Chinese women have accelerated lumbar disc degeneration compared with Chinese men","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Or-thop. Translat."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akeda, K., Yamada, T., Inoue, N., Nishimura, A., and Sudo, A. (2015). Risk factors for lumbar intervertebral disc height narrowing: A population-based longitudinal study in the elderly. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0798-5"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(70)90092-5","article-title":"Age-sex specific prevalence of radiographic abnormalities of the joints of the hands, wrists and cervical spine of adult residents of the Tecumseh, Michigan, Community Health Study area, 1962\u20131965","volume":"23","author":"Dodge","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.04.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and severity of osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Srikanth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"607","article-title":"Characteristics of rat lumbar vertebral body bone mineral density and differential segmental responses to sex hormone","volume":"25","author":"Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.1.154","article-title":"Rapid increase in marrow fat content and decrease in marrow per-fusion in lumbar vertebra following bilateral oophorectomy: An MR imaging-based prospective longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207909152349","article-title":"Experimental Studies of the Elastic Fiber of the Capsular Ligament","volume":"7","author":"Shikata","year":"1979","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei251","article-title":"Intervertebral disc height in treated and untreated overweight post-menopausal women","volume":"20","author":"Baron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000900002","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on the vascular system","volume":"36","author":"Tostes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4615-0","article-title":"Clinical, physical, and radiographic analyses of lumbar degenerative kyphosis and spondylolisthesis among community-based cohort","volume":"25","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0960357","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy increases isometric muscle strength of adductor pollicis in post-menopausal women","volume":"96","author":"Skelton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0840095","article-title":"Muscle weakness in women occurs at an earlier age than in men, but strength is preserved by hormone replacement therapy","volume":"84","author":"Phillips","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.2005.00628.x","article-title":"The effect of hormone replacement therapy and\/or exercise on skeletal muscle attenuation in post-menopausal women: A yearlong intervention","volume":"25","author":"Taaffe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(94)00857-4","article-title":"Forearm bone-density and grip strength in women after menopause, with and without estrogen replacement therapy","volume":"21","author":"Preisinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70207-2","article-title":"Better postural balance in elderly women receiving estrogens","volume":"177","author":"Naessen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116657189","article-title":"The Role of Relaxin in Normal and Abnormal Uterine Function During the Menstrual Cycle and Early Pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199306000-00034","article-title":"Estradiol-induced knee osteoarthrosis in ovariectomized rabbits","volume":"291","author":"Tsai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-199805000-00019","article-title":"The effects of estrogen on osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Felson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of the menopause: A cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention study on 557 normal postmenopausal women","volume":"41","author":"Nordin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02208698","article-title":"Endogenous sex steroid levels in women with generalized osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Spector","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90428-R","article-title":"Up-regulation of estrogen receptors in rabbit osteoarthritic cartilage","volume":"50","author":"Tsai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)80330-4","article-title":"Estrogen and osteoarthritis: A study of synovial estradiol and estradiol receptor binding in human osteoarthritic knees","volume":"183","author":"Tsai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E53","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318260a09c","article-title":"Association Between Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Back Pain Intensity in Female Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis","volume":"26","author":"Roh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2011.50.5.415","article-title":"Association of Estrogen Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesise","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"16","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the development of lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"12","author":"Anekstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:27:24Z","timestamp":1760128044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59081430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59081430","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]}}}