{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:30:55Z","timestamp":1773016255025,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Minimally invasive surgery via right mini-thoracotomy has become the standard of care for the treatment of mitral valve disease worldwide, particularly at high-volume centers. In recent years, the spectrum of indications has progressively shifted and extended to fragile and higher-risk patients, also addressing more complex mitral valve disease and ultimately including patients with native or prosthetic infective endocarditis. The rationale for the adoption of the minimally invasive approach is to minimize surgical trauma, promote an earlier postoperative recovery, and reduce the incidence of surgical wound infection and other nosocomial infections. The aim of this retrospective observational study is to evaluate the effectiveness and the early and late outcome in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for mitral valve infective endocarditis. Methods. Prospectively collected data regarding minimally invasive surgery in patients with mitral valve infective endocarditis were entered into a dedicated database for the period between January 2007 and December 2022 and retrospectively analyzed. All comers during the study period underwent a preoperative evaluation based on their clinical history and anatomy for the allocation to the most appropriate surgical strategy. The selection of the mini-thoracotomy approach was primarily driven by a thorough transthoracic and especially transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation, coupled with total body and vascular imaging. Results. During the study period, 92 patients underwent right mini-thoracotomy to treat native (80\/92, 87%) or prosthetic (12\/92, 13%) mitral valve endocarditis at our institution, representing 5% of the patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral surgery. Twenty-six (28%) patients had undergone previous cardiac operations, whereas 18 (20%) presented preoperatively with complications related to endocarditis, most commonly systemic embolization. Sixty-nine and twenty-three patients, respectively, underwent early surgery (75%) or were operated on after the completion of the targeted antibiotic treatment (25%). A conservative procedure was feasible in 16\/80 (20%) patients with native valve endocarditis. Conversion to standard sternotomy was necessary in a single case (1.1%). No cases of intraoperative iatrogenic aortic dissection were reported. Four patients died perioperatively, accounting for a thirty-day mortality of 4.4%. The causes of death were refractory heart or multiorgan failure and\/or septic shock. A new onset stroke was observed postoperatively in one case (1.1%). Overall actuarial survival rate at 1 and 5 years after operation was 90.8% and 80.4%, whereas freedom from mitral valve reoperation at 1 and 5 years was 96.3% and 93.2%, respectively. Conclusions. This present study shows good early and long-term results in higher-risk patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for mitral valve infective endocarditis. Total body, vascular, and echocardiographic screening represent the key points to select the optimal approach and allow for the extension of indications for minimally invasive surgery to sicker patients, including active endocarditis and sepsis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"1435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Minimally Invasive Surgery: Standard of Care for Mitral Valve Endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Barbero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3728-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pocar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Brenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Parrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Baldarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Aloi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Costamagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Cardiac Intensive Care, Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Trompeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Intensive Care, Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vairo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Echocardiography, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Alunni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Echocardiography, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1032-9155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Salizzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino\u201d, Molinette Hospital, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs195","article-title":"Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is a very safe procedure with very low rates of conversion to full sternotomy","volume":"42","author":"Vollroth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. 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