{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T23:02:32Z","timestamp":1771628552750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silsia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anabolic-androgenic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids, AAS) are testosterone-derived compounds whose popularity and use are constantly growing. Chronic use of AAS leads to many hormonal and metabolic disorders in the human body, which often lead to permanent health damage. Changes affect the following systems: cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, reproductive, digestive, and nervous. We decided to collect the existing knowledge in the literature and enrich it with the latest research reports in the field of degenerative effects of AAS on the nervous system. The work aimed to increase public awareness of the dangers and consequences of AAS use and improve it with the latest research on the neurodegenerative effects of AAS. We hope that our work will contribute to raising public awareness and reducing the use of AAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"1439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Innovative Reports on the Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse\u2014How to Lose Your Mind for the Love of Sport"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Stojko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Society, III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Noco\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Pi\u0142at","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Society, III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Szpila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Smolarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 50-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"\u017bmudka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student\u2019s Scientific Society, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Hawranek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torrisi, M., Pennisi, G., Russo, I., Amico, F., Esposito, M., Liberto, A., Cocimano, G., Salerno, M., Rosi, G.L., and Di Nunno, N. (2020). Sudden Cardiac Death in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Users: A Literature Review. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56110587"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2020.108753","article-title":"Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: A narrative review","volume":"164","author":"Machek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.02.008","article-title":"Features of men with anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: A comparison with nondependent AAS users and with AAS nonusers","volume":"102","author":"Kanayama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(01)80114-4","article-title":"A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids","volume":"23","author":"Shahidi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902940107","article-title":"Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study","volume":"294","author":"Simerly","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-116-1-83","article-title":"Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in Fetal Rhesus Monkey Brain and Anterior Pituitary","volume":"116","author":"Pomerantz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-221069","article-title":"Immunolocalization of Estrogen Receptor \u03b2 in the Mouse Brain: Comparison with Estrogen Receptor \u03b1","volume":"144","author":"Mitra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T.J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A., and Casaburi, R. (2023, January 29). The Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Muscle Size and Strength in Normal Men|NEJM. Available online: https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejm199607043350101."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239909147074","article-title":"Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Suicide","volume":"11","author":"Thiblin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.2.133","article-title":"Effects of Supraphysiologic Doses of Testosterone on Mood and Aggression in Normal Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"57","author":"Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2023, July 04). Konwencja Antydopingowa Rady Europy. Available online: https:\/\/antydoping.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/07\/konwencja_antydopingowa_rady_europy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"295","article-title":"Outline of a typology of men\u2019s use of anabolic androgenic steroids in fitness and strength training environments","volume":"24","author":"Vinther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.02.022","article-title":"Identifying a typology of men who use anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS)","volume":"55","author":"Zahnow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02734.x","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: An emerging disorder","volume":"104","author":"Kanayama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12184","article-title":"Television exposure predicts body size ideals in rural Nicaragua","volume":"107","author":"Boothroyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00495","article-title":"Muscles and the Media: A Natural Experiment Across Cultures in Men\u2019s Body Image","volume":"11","author":"Thornborrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2023, January 29). Cultural Expectations of Muscularity in Men: The Evolution of Playgirl Centerfolds\u2014Leit\u20142001\u2014International Journal of Eating Disorders\u2014Wiley Online Library. Available online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/1098-108X(200101)29:1%3C90::AID-EAT15%3E3.0.CO;2-F."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1108\/17459261111174019","article-title":"Attitudes of injecting male anabolic androgenic steroid users to media influence, health messages and gender constructs","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/14635240.2013.818295","article-title":"Heuristics of human enhancement risk: A little chemical help?","volume":"51","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Promot. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.09.006","article-title":"Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sex. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"612","article-title":"Doping and sports endocrinology: Anabolic-androgenic steroids","volume":"222","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1526626","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroids: Procurement and administration practices of doping athletes","volume":"47","author":"Fink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Sagoe, D., Molde, H., Andreassen, C.S., Torsheim, T., and Pallesen, S. (2023, January 29). The Global Epidemiology of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression Analysis\u2014ScienceDirect. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1047279714000398?via%3Dihub."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Stripe, N. (2023, January 29). Drug Misuse in England and Wales\u2014Office for National Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/drugmisuseinenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2020."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hope, V.D., Bond, V.W., Boardley, I., Smith, J., Campbell, J., Bates, G., Ralphs, R., Van Hout, M.-C., and McVeigh, J. (2022). Anabolic androgenic steroid use population size estimation: A first stage study utilising a Delphi exercise. Drugs Educ. Prev. Policy, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2022.2070058"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, July 04). USTAWA z Dnia 6 Wrze\u015bnia 2001 r. Prawo Farmaceutyczne, Available online: https:\/\/isap.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/download.xsp\/WDU20011261381\/U\/D20011381Lj.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.7983","article-title":"Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases","volume":"86","author":"Basaria","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i15","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091415","article-title":"Aetiology of sudden cardiac death in sport: A histopathologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"46","author":"Sheppard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr0520114280","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.05.2011.4280","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroid induced myocardial toxicity: An evolving problem in an ageing population","volume":"2011","author":"Rothman","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(19)32805-0","article-title":"Bodybuilding gone wrong: Anabolic steroid induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"73","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"e12492","article-title":"Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Cardiometabolic Derangements","volume":"13","author":"Farzam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"20-0032","article-title":"Myositis, rhabdomyolysis and severe hypercalcaemia in a body builder","volume":"2020","author":"Ravindran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557988320966536","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988320966536","article-title":"Characteristics and Attitudes of Men Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS): A Survey of 2385 Men","volume":"14","author":"Bonnecaze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccas.2020.09.038","article-title":"Subacute Stent Thrombosis After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Middle-Aged Anabolic Steroid\u2013Abusing Bodybuilder","volume":"3","author":"Tashiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2008.12.014","article-title":"Anabolics and Cardiomyopathy in a Bodybuilder: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Ahlgrim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2019.1595350","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death in anabolic androgenic steroids abuse: Case report and literature review","volume":"4","author":"Tapia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026945","article-title":"Cardiovascular Toxicity of Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use","volume":"135","author":"Baggish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199509000-00004","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids","volume":"27","author":"Melchert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albano, G.D., Amico, F., Cocimano, G., Liberto, A., Maglietta, F., Esposito, M., Rosi, G.L., Di Nunno, N., Salerno, M., and Montana, A. (2021). Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9010097"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-005-0111-7","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in rats chronically treated with anabolic steroid","volume":"96","author":"Chaves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2174\/138920111794295792","article-title":"Anabolic Steroid\u2014And Exercise\u2014Induced Cardio-Depressant Cytokines and Myocardial \u03b21 Receptor Expression in CD1 Mice","volume":"12","author":"Riezzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2011.02642.x","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: Pathophysiology imaging","volume":"42","author":"Golestani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316651341","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction in a young bodybuilder taking anabolic androgenic steroids: A case report and critical review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Christou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.05.013","article-title":"Cardiac and Metabolic Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse on Lipids, Blood Pressure, Left Ventricular Dimensions, and Rhythm","volume":"106","author":"Achar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr1220103650","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.12.2010.3650","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced cardiomyopathy, stroke and peripheral vascular disease","volume":"2011","author":"Youssef","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5858\/2001-125-0253-ASAACS","article-title":"Anabolic Steroid Abuse and Cardiac Sudden Death: A Pathologic Study","volume":"125","author":"Fineschi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2022.07.008","article-title":"Androgenic Steroids Use and Abuse","volume":"49","author":"Thirumalai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-0620(98)80019-4","article-title":"The cardiac toxicity of anabolic steroids","volume":"41","author":"Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-010-9090-y","article-title":"Evidence of Altered Cardiac Electrophysiology Following Prolonged Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use","volume":"10","author":"Sculthorpe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, N., Fu, S., Liu, Y., Fu, Z., Meng, J., Xu, Z., Wang, B., and Zhang, A. (2014). Correction: Benign and Malignant Renal Cells Are Differentially Inhibited during Prolonged Organ Preservation. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/b51ed377-9d16-4082-b714-369fc36a8a22"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122581","article-title":"Androgen effects on skeletal muscle: Implications for the development and management of frailty","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0003","article-title":"Androgens and Bone","volume":"25","author":"Vanderschueren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(98)80305-4","article-title":"Potential adverse effects of long-term testosterone therapy","volume":"12","author":"Rolf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bailli\u00e8re\u2019s Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. Ther. Role Androg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60801-6","article-title":"Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society","volume":"371","author":"Garle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2023, January 29). Doping with Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS): Adverse Effects on Non-Reproductive Organs and Functions|SpringerLink. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11154-015-9320-5."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.98","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis of the Deltoid Muscle in a Bodybuilder Using Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Case Report","volume":"44","author":"Farkash","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000157531.04472.B2","article-title":"Abuse of Supraphysiologic Doses of Anabolic Steroids","volume":"98","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0867-7","article-title":"Matrix metallopeptidase 2 activity in tendon regions: Effects of mechanical loading exercise associated to anabolic-androgenic steroids","volume":"104","author":"Marqueti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318198b622","article-title":"Self-Reported Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Use and Musculoskeletal Injuries: Findings from the Center for the Study of Retired Athletes Health Survey of Retired NFL Players","volume":"88","author":"Horn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.011874","article-title":"The Insults of Illicit Drug Use on Male Fertility","volume":"33","author":"Fronczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(11)80260-5","article-title":"Histopathology of chemically induced testicular atrophy in rats","volume":"47","author":"Nolte","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0080","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: Effects on reproductive functions","volume":"173","author":"Nieschlag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"479","article-title":"The Sertoli cell as the orchestra conductor of spermatogenesis: Spermatogenic cells dance to the tune of testosterone","volume":"14","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002","article-title":"Anabolic steroid\u2013induced hypogonadism: Diagnosis and treatment\u2014ClinicalKey","volume":"101","author":"Rahnema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13030\/qt9rp7t2p2","DOI":"10.5070\/D3268049797","article-title":"Acne Related to Dietary Supplements","volume":"26","author":"Zamil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06176.x","article-title":"Abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids and bodybuilding acne: An underestimated health problem","volume":"5","author":"Melnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"JDDG J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.038","article-title":"Reversible effects of anabolic steroid abuse on cyto-architectures of the heart, kidneys and testis in adult male mice","volume":"106","author":"Kahal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30182-8","article-title":"Neuroendocrine Physiology of the Normal Male Gonadal Axis","volume":"22","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283524008","article-title":"Illicit use of androgens and other hormones: Recent Advances","volume":"19","author":"Kanayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2018.01.001","article-title":"Sex steroid receptors profiling is influenced by nandrolone decanoate in the ampulla of the fallopian tube: Post-treatment and post-recovery analyses","volume":"50","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21314","article-title":"Nandrolone Decanoate and Physical Effort: Histological and Morphometrical Assessment in Adult Rat Uterus","volume":"294","author":"Chuffa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patan\u00e8, F.G., Liberto, A., Maglitto, A.N.M., Malandrino, P., Esposito, M., Amico, F., Cocimano, G., Rosi, G.L., Condorelli, D., and Di Nunno, N. (2020). Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects. Medicina, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56110606"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.16.3.159","article-title":"The non-preventive effects of human menopausal gonadotropins on ovarian tissues in Nandrolone decanoate-treated female rats: A histochemical and ultra-structural study","volume":"16","author":"Mesbah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102876","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among women\u2014A qualitative study on experiences of masculinizing, gonadal and sexual effects","volume":"95","author":"Havnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2023.03.025","article-title":"Doping with testosterone and androgenic\/anabolic steroids: Impact on health, screening tools and medical care","volume":"84","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. d\u2019Endocrinologie"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000467","article-title":"Anabolic Steroid Effect on the Liver","volume":"17","author":"Niedfeldt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"7","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity associated with illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids in doping","volume":"21","author":"Solimini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i26.3071","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced liver injury: An update","volume":"28","author":"Petrovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434080-00003","article-title":"Effects of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids in Athletes","volume":"34","author":"Hartgens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58871-1","article-title":"Nandrolone induces a stem cell-like phenotype in human hepatocarcinoma-derived cell line inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory activity","volume":"10","author":"Agriesti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10228","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10228","article-title":"High-dose testosterone supplementation disturbs liver pro-oxidant\/antioxidant balance and function in adolescent male Wistar rats undergoing moderate-intensity endurance training","volume":"8","author":"Nowara","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117227","article-title":"Eight weeks of treatment with nandrolone decanoate in female rats promotes disruption in the redox homeostasis and impaired renal function","volume":"242","author":"Cassaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2021.108861","article-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroids impair mitochondrial function and redox status in the heart and liver of mice","volume":"172","author":"Carteri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2018.05.013","article-title":"Reversal of the hepatic damage induced by the supraphysiological dose of nandrolone decanoate after its withdrawal in the adult male rat","volume":"53","author":"Shalaby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.03.032","article-title":"Androgenic alopecia: A counterproductive outcome of the anabolic effect of androgens","volume":"73","author":"Soni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02483.x","article-title":"Androgens and human hair growth","volume":"40","author":"Randall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2010.00093.x","article-title":"Human Growth Hormone Abuse in Male Weightlifters","volume":"20","author":"Brennan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1058","article-title":"Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"35","author":"Pope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2084","article-title":"Case report: The long-term effects of anabolic steroids on the female voice over a 20-year period","volume":"7","author":"Bensoussan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950050035004","article-title":"Psychiatric and Medical Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use: A Controlled Study of 160 Athletes","volume":"51","author":"Pope","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.5.679b","article-title":"Violent crime possibly associated with anabolic steroid use","volume":"146","author":"Conacher","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.470050407","article-title":"High-dose anabolic steroids in strength athletes: Effects upon hostility and aggression","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.2.271b","article-title":"Brief anabolic steroid use and sustained behavioral reaction","volume":"149","author":"Oh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19920101-06","article-title":"Medical and Performance-Enhancing Effects of Anabolic Steroids","volume":"22","author":"Lombardo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.348a","article-title":"Domestic violence associated with anabolic steroid abuse","volume":"150","author":"Schulte","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.1990.11710104","article-title":"in my experience","volume":"18","author":"Elofson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physician Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.8.1075a","article-title":"Anabolic androgenic steroids and suicide","volume":"146","author":"Brower","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239409148835","article-title":"Violence Toward Women and Illicit Androgenic-Anabolic Steroid Use","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Hare, R.D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist, Multi-Health Systems. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13048-w","article-title":"Anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid use is associated with psychopathy, risk-taking, anger, and physical problems","volume":"12","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.46.4.285","article-title":"Psychiatric Complications of Anabolic Steroid Abuse","volume":"46","author":"Hall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00028-6","article-title":"Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men","volume":"45","author":"Yates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"3754","article-title":"The effects of supraphysiological doses of testosterone on angry behavior in healthy eugonadal men\u2014A clinical research center study","volume":"81","author":"Tricker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500210060032","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Effects of Anabolic Steroids in Male Normal Volunteers","volume":"269","author":"Su","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13157","article-title":"Review Article: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids, Violence, and Crime: Two Cases and Literature Review","volume":"30","author":"Pope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111774","article-title":"Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence","volume":"165","author":"Siever","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.023","article-title":"Brain and cognition abnormalities in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users","volume":"152","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.61","article-title":"Disentangling Structural Brain Alterations Associated with Violent Behavior From Those Associated with Substance Use Disorders","volume":"68","author":"Schiffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez, \u00c1., Gonz\u00e1lez, M., Lila, M., Gracia, E., Mart\u00ed-Bonmat\u00ed, L., Alberich-Bayarri, \u00c1., Maldonado-Puig, R., Ten-Esteve, A., and Moya-Albiol, L. (2019). The Brain Resting-State Functional Connectivity Underlying Violence Proneness: Is It a Reliable Marker for Neurocriminology? A Systematic Review. Behav. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs9010011"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0018-506X(02)00047-8","article-title":"Both estrogen receptors and androgen receptors contribute to testosterone-induced changes in the morphology of the medial amygdala and sexual arousal in male rats","volume":"43","author":"Cooke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.02.014","article-title":"Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia?","volume":"100","author":"Kaufman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22578","article-title":"Neurotoxic properties of the anabolic androgenic steroids nandrolone and methandrostenolone in primary neuronal cultures","volume":"89","author":"Caraci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2003.09.005","article-title":"Aromatase: A neuroprotective enzyme","volume":"71","author":"Veiga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31826c60ea","article-title":"Brain Nerve Growth Factor Unbalance Induced by Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Rats","volume":"45","author":"Pieretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0640","article-title":"Androgens Induce Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity via Caspase-3-Dependent Activation of Protein Kinase C\u03b4","volume":"150","author":"Cunningham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P25492","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603193200","article-title":"Ehrlich Elevated Testosterone Induces Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells*","volume":"281","author":"Estrada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:28:15Z","timestamp":1760128095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/8\/1439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59081439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59081439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]}}}