{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T13:50:07Z","timestamp":1793886607209,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes difficulty while socializing and communicating and the performance of stereotyped behavior. ASD is thought to have a variety of causes when accompanied by genetic disorders and environmental variables together, resulting in abnormalities in the brain. A steep rise in ASD has been seen regardless of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical therapeutic techniques. Therefore, using complementary and alternative therapies to treat autism could be very significant. Thus, this review is completely focused on non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions which include different diets, supplements, antioxidants, hormones, vitamins and minerals to manage ASD. Additionally, we also focus on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, herbal remedies, camel milk and cannabiodiol. Additionally, we concentrate on how palatable phytonutrients provide a fresh glimmer of hope in this situation. Moreover, in addition to phytochemicals\/nutraceuticals, it also focuses on various microbiomes, i.e., gut, oral, and vaginal. Therefore, the current comprehensive review opens a new avenue for managing autistic patients through non-pharmacological intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1693481478000},"page":"1584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Spectrum of Solutions: Unveiling Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Manage Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Arunima","family":"Mondal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda 151401, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4365-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana, Delhi 110042, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umme","family":"Abiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDRP, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342030, India"},{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7768-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi 110062, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5302-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anik","family":"Karan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CL Lab LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard L.","family":"Jayaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"2","author":"Kanner","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nerv. 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