{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:02:17Z","timestamp":1765231337029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Gda\u0144sk","award":["01-02-10022\/0000651","02-10022\/0000672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01-02-10022\/0000651","02-10022\/0000672"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Penile cancer is a rare neoplasm in developed countries with an incidence of 0.8\/100,000 per male inhabitant. Despite the development of personalized medicine and multimodal treatment, the outcome of penile cancer treatment is insufficient. Our study aimed to assess the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines\u2019 mRNA such as interleukin 1-A (encoded by IL1A gene, alias IL-1A), interleukin 1-B (IL1B, IL-1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN, IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL6, IL-6), transforming growth factor \u03b21 (TGFB1, TGF\u03b2-1), and Interferon-gamma (INFG, INF-\u03b3) in penile cancer tissue and associate them with tumor progression and patient survival. Material and Methods: Skin biopsies from patients suffering from penile cancer (n = 6) and unchanged foreskin from 13 healthy adult males undergoing circumcision due to a short frenulum were obtained. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were quantified through qPCR. Results: We observed higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-\u03b3, TGF-\u03b2) in penile cancer tissue. The average follow-up period was 48 months (range: 38\u201354 months), during which only one penile tumor progression was observed However, this was without association with the nature of tumor (patient refused radical treatment). Conclusions: This is the first study to show increased expression of cytokines such as IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-\u03b3, and TGF-\u03b2 in penile cancer with positive correlation between TNM staging and INF-\u03b3 levels in tumor samples (rs = 0.672, p = 0.045), which may be associated with the immunosuppressive role of the tumor environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T07:52:11Z","timestamp":1694159531000},"page":"1623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Penile Cancer: Preliminary Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2017-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr M.","family":"Wierzbicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kotulak-Chrz\u0105szcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5933-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Ma\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Minimally Invasive and Robotic Urology, University Center of Excellence in Urology, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Sosnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Uro-Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 00-001 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Kmie\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Matuszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-008-0302-z","article-title":"Penile cancer: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention","volume":"27","author":"Bleeker","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. 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