{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:33:49Z","timestamp":1792805629462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: A higher prevalence of dental malocclusion has been suggested among individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) compared to controls, although no studies to date have investigated such a difference according to age group. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of dental malocclusion and other orthodontic measures between DS and non-syndromic (non-DS) individuals across three age groups of children, adolescents, and adults. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 147 patients. Of those, 72 were diagnosed with DS and were divided into N = 15 children (&lt;10 years), N = 23 adolescents (10\u201318 years) and N = 34 adults (&gt;18 years). The remaining 75 patients were sex- and age-matched controls. The two groups were compared according to age group in terms of the prevalence of dental malocclusion, measures of sagittal, vertical, and transverse discrepancy, facial profile, and probable sleep bruxism with chi-square tests for proportion. Results: The DS patients consistently exhibited a higher prevalence of Class 3 malocclusion, concave profile and anterior crossbite compared to the non-DS patients, regardless of age group. The non-DS adolescents presented with a significantly higher prevalence of convex profile than the DS adolescents. The adolescent and adult DS patients most commonly presented with a maxillary transverse discrepancy and posterior crossbite compared to the non-DS controls. The DS adults had a higher prevalence of probable sleep bruxism. Conclusions: Patients with DS showed a higher prevalence of Class 3 malocclusion, concave profile and anterior crossbite compared to non-DS controls, regardless of age group. Other orthodontic measures showed a fluctuation according to the age group considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T09:57:56Z","timestamp":1694685476000},"page":"1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Malocclusions in Down Syndrome Population: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Alessandri-Bonetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dental Clinic, A. Gemelli University Policlinic IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Guglielmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dental Clinic, A. Gemelli University Policlinic IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antongiulia","family":"Mollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dental Clinic, A. Gemelli University Policlinic IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1386-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Sangalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine\u2014Illinois, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Gallenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dental Clinic, A. Gemelli University Policlinic IRCCS, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706537","article-title":"Down Syndrome","volume":"382","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14260","article-title":"New approaches to studying early brain development in Down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Baburamani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2021.01.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the craniofacial and oral characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome: A review of the literature","volume":"122","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stomatol. 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