{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:33:51Z","timestamp":1787222031414,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Cortisol is a valuable marker for assessing the body\u2019s response to any form of stress. We conducted this study in order to evaluate the variations of salivary and serum cortisol levels in professional football players in relation to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and their significance in potentially evaluating overtraining in athletes. Also, the question of whether salivary cortisol determination could fully substitute serum sampling was addressed. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 male professional football players were evaluated by measuring serum cortisol levels at rest (T0) and immediately after a CPET (T1) and salivary cortisol levels at rest (T0), 10 min after a CPET (T2), and 30 min after a CPET (T3). Results: T0 serum cortisol showed a statistically significant correlation with the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold divided by the body weight (VO2-AT\/weight), as did the T2 salivary cortisol with the maximum oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT) and VO2-AT\/weight. T0 salivary cortisol was significantly correlated with the subjects\u2019 height and the predicted O2 pulse. Conclusions: While some correlations were discovered, they are insufficient to recommend cortisol as a routine biomarker in athletes\u2019 evaluation. However, significant correlations were established between salivary and serum determinations, meaning that the non-invasive procedure could substitute venous blood sampling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T07:38:46Z","timestamp":1695800326000},"page":"1726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Blood and Salivary Cortisol Variations in Athletes in Relation to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Cezar","family":"Honceriu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, \u201cAlexandru-Ioan Cuza\u201d University, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8544-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru Dan","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5464-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Ab\u0103la\u0219ei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, \u201cAlexandru-Ioan Cuza\u201d University, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3528-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, \u201cAlexandru-Ioan Cuza\u201d University, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru Rare\u0219","family":"Puni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Human Motricity Science, \u201cAlexandru-Ioan Cuza\u201d University, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ma\u0219taleru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andra","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7014-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Drugescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7313-3320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9438-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Mitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina-Iuliana","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Magdalena","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia Cristina","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Surgery II Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morpho-Functional Sciences II Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Mitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050044 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021302","article-title":"The use of recovery methods post-exercise","volume":"23","author":"Reilly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021286","article-title":"Fatigue in soccer: A brief review","volume":"23","author":"Mohr","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434140-00003","article-title":"Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research","volume":"34","author":"Halson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.03.004","article-title":"Saliva as a tool for monitoring steroid, peptide and immune markers in sport and exercise science","volume":"14","author":"Papacosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.110","article-title":"Controlling sources of preanalytical variability in doping samples: Challenges and solutions","volume":"5","author":"Lippi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-690X(02)00104-5","article-title":"Training modalities: Over-reaching and over-training in athletes, including a study of the role of hormones","volume":"17","author":"Hug","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"611","article-title":"Free testosterone\/cortisol ratio in soccer: Usefulness of a categorization of values","volume":"46","author":"Banfi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"259","article-title":"The changes of ACTH, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone\/cortisol ratio in professional soccer players during a competition half-season","volume":"107","author":"Handziski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peh.2013.08.010","article-title":"Screening for recreational drugs in sports. Balance between fair competition and private life","volume":"2","author":"Lippi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perform. Enhanc. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Thau, L., Gandhi, J., and Sharma, S. (2023). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.282871","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome: From physiological principles to diagnosis and clinical care","volume":"593","author":"Raff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"563","article-title":"Addison disease: Early detection and treatment principles","volume":"89","author":"Michels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328338f608","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency: Etiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"17","author":"Neary","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., and Hofland, J. (2000). Endotext [Internet], MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018","article-title":"Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Adam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-019-1507-5","article-title":"Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency due to Intra-articular Glucocorticoid Injections","volume":"56","author":"Wojcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(02)80031-7","article-title":"Relationship between serum, saliva and urinary cortisol and its implication during recovery from training","volume":"5","author":"Neary","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-064","article-title":"Cortisol and GH: Odd and controversial ideas","volume":"32","author":"Duclos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2021.778","article-title":"Relationships between Heart Rate Variability, Sleep Duration, Cortisol and Physical Training in Young Athletes","volume":"20","author":"Mishica","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026","article-title":"Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research","volume":"34","author":"Hellhammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-35073","article-title":"Cortisol, DHEA, performance and training in elite swimmers","volume":"23","author":"Chatard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200008000-00017","article-title":"Short-term overtraining: Effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability","volume":"32","author":"Hedelin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.061325","article-title":"A novel submaximal cycle test to monitor fatigue and predict cycling performance","volume":"45","author":"Lamberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.08.012","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: What Is its Value","volume":"70","author":"Guazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7614-0_18","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing","volume":"1735","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/14779072.2020.1806057","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing\u2014Refining the clinical perspective by combining assessments","volume":"18","author":"Arena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201612-997FR","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: Basics of Methodology and Measurements","volume":"14","author":"Mezzani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2017-0290","article-title":"Is There Risk in Exercise Testing of Athletes","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000639","article-title":"Exercise Testing","volume":"18","author":"Gibson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Sports Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31826fb946","article-title":"EACPR\/AHA Scientific Statement. Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations","volume":"126","author":"Guazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"409","article-title":"Exercise Testing in Sports Medicine","volume":"115","author":"Leyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw631","article-title":"International recommendations for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes","volume":"39","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12471-018-1076-6","article-title":"A new consensus document on electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Does it help to prevent sudden cardiac death in athletes","volume":"26","author":"Smeets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neth. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01895-6","article-title":"Practical guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults","volume":"23","author":"Glaab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0174","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Submaximal Cycle Tests to Predict, Monitor, and Optimize Cycling Performance","volume":"11","author":"Capostagno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"110","article-title":"Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Tests are Interchangeable to Monitor Triathletes Annual Training","volume":"2","author":"Basset","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2008.008208","article-title":"Salivary steroid assays\u2014Research or routine","volume":"46","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.02.012","article-title":"Measurement of morning saliva cortisol in athletes","volume":"42","author":"Lippi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"258","article-title":"Relationship between salivary and serum testosterone levels in response to different exercise intensities","volume":"14","author":"Lane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hormones (Athens)"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410801919526","article-title":"Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise","volume":"26","author":"Cadore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.6.3.396","article-title":"The relationship between serum and salivary cortisol levels in response to different intensities of exercise","volume":"6","author":"VanBruggen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000184631.27641.b5","article-title":"Heart rate variability during night sleep and after awakening in overtrained athletes","volume":"38","author":"Hynynen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.30519","article-title":"A genetic study of cortisol measured before and after endurance training: The HERITAGE Family Study","volume":"51","author":"Feitosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80028-8","article-title":"Changes in stress and recovery after heavy training in rowers","volume":"7","author":"Purge","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"539","article-title":"The stress of competition dissociates neural and cortisol homeostasis in elite athletes","volume":"43","author":"Iellamo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01376-8","article-title":"Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function","volume":"354","author":"Spiegel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2015.1041062","article-title":"Sleep monitoring of a six-day microcycle in strength and high-intensity training","volume":"16","author":"Wiewelhove","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199307000-00015","article-title":"Overtraining in endurance athletes: A brief review","volume":"25","author":"Lehmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2006","article-title":"Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain","volume":"87","author":"McEwen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198806000-00007","article-title":"Physiological responses to successive days of intense training in competitive swimmers","volume":"20","author":"Kirwan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21929","article-title":"Analytical Evaluation of Free Testosterone and Cortisol Immunoassays in Saliva as a Reliable Alternative to Serum in Sports Medicine","volume":"30","author":"Lippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponce, P., Del Arco, A., and Loprinzi, P. (2019). Physical Activity versus Psychological Stress: Effects on Salivary Cortisol and Working Memory Performance. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050119"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyers, S.A., and Hagger, M.S. (2023). Physical activity and cortisol regulation: A meta-analysis. Biol. Psychol., 179.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2023.108548"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/10\/1726\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:59:26Z","timestamp":1760129966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/59\/10\/1726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina59101726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59101726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]}}}