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The AAS leads to physical performance enhancement and presents anti-aging properties, but its abuse is associated with several adverse effects. Supraphysiological doses of AAS with or without physical exercise can cause morphological and functional alterations in neuromuscular interactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of ND supraphysiological doses in neuromuscular interactions, focusing on the soleus muscle and its neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in rats, associated or not with physical exercise. Materials and Methods: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: sedentary and exercised groups, with or without ND at the dose of 10 mg\/kg\/week. The animals were treated for eight weeks, with intramuscular injections, and the soleus muscle was collected for morphological analyses. Results: The supraphysiological doses of ND in the sedentary group caused muscle degeneration, evidenced by splitting fibers, clusters of small fibers, irregular myofibrils, altered sarcomeres, an increase in collagen deposition and in the number of type I muscle fibers (slow-twitch) and central nuclei, as well as a decrease in fibers with peripheral nuclei. On the other hand, in the ND exercise group, there was an increase in the NMJs diameter with scattering of its acetylcholine receptors, although no major morphological changes were found in the skeletal muscle. Thus, the alterations caused by ND in sedentary rats were partially reversed by physical exercise. Conclusions: The supraphysiological ND exposure in the sedentary rats promoted an increase in muscle oxidative pattern and adverse morphological alterations in skeletal muscle, resulting from damage or post-injury regeneration. In the ND-exercised rats, no major morphological changes were found. Thus, the physical exercise partially reversed the alterations caused by ND in sedentary rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59111940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1698890707000},"page":"1940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Nandrolone Decanoate on Skeletal Muscle and Neuromuscular Junction of Sedentary and Exercised Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2660-6089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Cantore","family":"Tib\u00farcio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Paula Silveira","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin Silva","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carina Guidi","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Valentino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula Aiello Tom\u00e9 de Souza","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cintia Yuri","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelly Favorito de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma Maria Michelin","family":"Matheus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anatomy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1579","article-title":"Androgen Abuse in Athletes: Detection and Consequences","volume":"95","author":"Basaria","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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