{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1793357521712,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mirizzi syndrome is a complication of gallstone disease caused by an impacted gallstone in the infundibulum of the gallbladder or within the cystic duct, causing chronic inflammation and extrinsic compression of the common hepatic duct or common bile duct. Eventually, mucosal ulceration occurs and progresses to cholecystobiliary fistulation. Numerous systems exist to classify Mirizzi syndrome, with the Csendes classification widely adopted. It describes five types of Mirizzi syndrome according to the presence of a cholecystobiliary fistula and its corresponding severity, and whether a cholecystoenteric fistula is present. The clinical presentation of Mirizzi syndrome is non-specific, and patients typically have a longstanding history of gallstones. It commonly presents with obstructive jaundice, and can mimic gallbladder, biliary, or pancreatic malignancy. Achieving a preoperative diagnosis guides surgical planning and improves treatment outcomes. However, a significant proportion of cases of Mirizzi syndrome are diagnosed intraoperatively, and the presence of dense adhesions and distorted anatomy at Calot\u2019s triangle increases the risk of bile duct injury. Cholecystectomy remains the mainstay of treatment for Mirizzi syndrome, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is increasingly becoming a viable option, especially for less severe stages of cholecystobiliary fistula. Subtotal cholecystectomy is feasible if total cholecystectomy cannot be performed safely. Additional procedures may be required, such as common bile duct exploration, choledochoplasty, and bilioenteric anastomosis. Conclusions: There is currently no consensus for the management of Mirizzi syndrome, as the management options depend on the extent of surgical pathology and availability of surgical expertise. Multidisciplinary collaboration is important to achieve diagnostic accuracy and guide treatment planning to ensure good clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T03:36:17Z","timestamp":1703129777000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Mirizzi Syndrome\u2014The Past, Present, and Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jonathan G. A.","family":"Koo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui Yu","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"En Qi","family":"Toh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Chia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Thien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan BA 1710, Brunei"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3988-8142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishal G.","family":"Shelat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore"},{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-008-9660-3","article-title":"The Relationship of Mirizzi Syndrome and Cholecystoenteric Fistula: Validation of a Modified Classification","volume":"32","author":"Beltran","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900828","article-title":"Management of Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome in the Laparoscopic Era","volume":"12","author":"Kok","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0520-5","article-title":"Laparoscopic Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Antoniou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2007.04325.x","article-title":"Pablo Luis Mirizzi: The man behind the syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Leopardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9691","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009691","article-title":"Current Trends in the Management of Mirizzi Syndrome: A Review of Literature","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480106700103","article-title":"Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome: Experience from a Multi-Institutional Review","volume":"67","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"170","article-title":"Updates in Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"HepatoBiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2006.03690.x","article-title":"Mirizzi syndrome: History, present and future development","volume":"76","author":"Lai","year":"2006","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i34.4639","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: History, Current Knowledge and Proposal of a Simplified Classification","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22170","article-title":"Calot\u2019s Triangle","volume":"26","author":"Abdalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"101","article-title":"An Analysis of the Problem of Biliary Injury during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","volume":"180","author":"Strasberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10399","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i29.10399","article-title":"Cholecystectomy for Asymptomatic Gallstones: Markov Decision Tree Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800761110","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome and Cholecystobiliary Fistula: A Unifying Classification","volume":"76","author":"Csendes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2004.09.058","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome and Gallstone Ileus: An Unusual Presentation of Gallstone Disease","volume":"9","author":"Beltran","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05451.x","article-title":"Complications of Gallstone Disease: Mirizzi Syndrome, Cholecystocholedochal Fistula, and Gallstone Ileus","volume":"97","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(03)80044-6","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: A Diagnostic and Operative Challenge","volume":"1","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5527","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i41.5527","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome in an Anomalous Cystic Duct: A Case Report","volume":"13","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.14701\/kjhbps.2013.17.2.79","article-title":"Laparoscopic Treatment for Post-Cholecystectomy Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1710501","article-title":"Single-Operator Peroral Cholangioscopy for Extraction of Cystic Duct Stones in Postcholecystectomy Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"2017","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastrointest. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"219","article-title":"The Mirizzi Syndrome: Suggested Classification and Surgical Therapy","volume":"1","author":"McSherry","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surg. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2012.06149.x","article-title":"Appraisal of Diagnosis and Surgical Approach for Mirizzi Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment for Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5219-9","article-title":"Complicated Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1975.01360100019004","article-title":"Biliobiliary Fistula: A Trap in the Surgery of Cholelithiasis","volume":"110","author":"Corlette","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"737","article-title":"Benign Mechanical Obstruction of the Common Hepatic Duct (Mirizzi Syndrome)","volume":"88","author":"Starling","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.14701\/ahbps.2017.21.2.67","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: A New Insight Provided by a Novel Classification","volume":"21","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(99)00126-X","article-title":"Acquired Abnormalities of the Biliary Tract from Chronic Gallstone Disease","volume":"189","author":"Dorrance","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/13651820600840082","article-title":"Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome\u2014Results from a Large Western Experience","volume":"8","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2178","article-title":"Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome Must Be Ruled out in the Differential Diagnosis of Any Patients with Obstructive Jaundice","volume":"46","author":"Karakoyunlar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"104","article-title":"Acute Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7800-5-12","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: An Unexpected Problem of Cholelithiasis. Our Experience with 27 Cases","volume":"5","author":"Safioleas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Semin. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"335","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome with Cholecystocholedochal Fistula: Preoperative Diagnosis and Management","volume":"111","author":"Yip","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.73.862.487","article-title":"The Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Pemberton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.14701\/ahbps.2017.21.3.122","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Necessity for Safe Approach in Dealing with Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Shirah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-008-0084-y","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Ibrarullah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"652","article-title":"Biliobiliary Fistula: Review of Nine Cases","volume":"83","author":"Rao","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2018.12.006","article-title":"Gallstone Disease","volume":"99","author":"Alemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3280122879","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome Complicating an Anomalous Biliary Tract: A Novel Cause of a Hugely Elevated CA19-9","volume":"19","author":"Robertson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1259","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome with Cholecysto-Choledocal Fistula with a High CA19-9 Level Mimicking Biliary Malignancies: A Case Report","volume":"50","author":"Principe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v12.i12.468","article-title":"Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9\u2014Tumor Marker: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e931819","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.931819","article-title":"Elevation of CA 19-9 in Mirizzi Syndrome in the Absence of Malignancy: A Case Report","volume":"22","author":"Moshref","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2016.0426","article-title":"Laparoscopic Management of Mirizzi Syndrome Without Dissection of Calot\u2019s Triangle","volume":"27","author":"Koike","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"520","article-title":"The Incidence of Mirizzi Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography","volume":"7","author":"Yonetci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int. HBPD INT"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e31817710d5","article-title":"Combination of Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography and Computed Tomography for Preoperative Diagnosis of the Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Yun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31257-8","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Treatment of Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome: Is There a Safe Way? Report of a Case Series","volume":"13","author":"Piccinni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"889","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Toscano","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-002-9236-5","article-title":"Laparoscopic Treatment for Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Yeh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14701\/kjhbps.2016.20.1.17","article-title":"Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome: Lessons Learnt from 169 Patients at a Single Center","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.2.272","article-title":"Endoscopic Management of Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"40","author":"England","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01313.x","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Evaluation by Mr Imaging","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-9294(13)60044-9","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Our Experience with 27 Cases in PUMC Hospital","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-1433.2004.03184.x","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Noteworthy Aspects of a Retrospective Study in One Centre","volume":"74","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000351170","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome with Endoscopic Ultrasound Image","volume":"7","author":"Rayapudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70363-5","article-title":"Wire-Guided Intraductal US in the Assessment of Bile Duct Strictures with Mirizzi Syndrome-like Features at ERCP","volume":"56","author":"Moon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-944524","article-title":"Intraductal Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Wehrmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.07.010","article-title":"Complications of ERCP","volume":"75","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0623-6","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Laparoscopic Management by Subtotal Cholecystectomy","volume":"20","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800770708","article-title":"Management of the Mirizzi Syndrome and the Surgical Implications of Cholecystcholedochal Fistula","volume":"77","author":"Baer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s005340050157","article-title":"Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome: Diagnostic and Surgical Considerations in 25 Patients","volume":"7","author":"Karademir","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032005000100005","article-title":"Benign Obstruction of the Common Hepatic Duct (Mirizzi Syndrome): Diagnosis and Operative Management","volume":"42","author":"Waisberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-007-0305-x","article-title":"The Mirizzi Syndrome: Multidisciplinary Management Promotes Optimal Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Mithani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2002.02311.x","article-title":"Laparoscopic Bile Duct Injury: Some Myths","volume":"72","author":"Hugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2016.0315","article-title":"Management of Mirizzi Syndrome in Emergency","volume":"27","author":"Testini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0000000000000079","article-title":"Update on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome in Laparoscopic Era: Our Experience in 7 Years","volume":"24","author":"Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07242-7","article-title":"Subtotal Cholecystectomy: Early and Long-Term Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2015.09.019","article-title":"Subtotal Cholecystectomy\u2013\u201cFenestrating\u201d vs \u201cReconstituting\u201d Subtypes and the Prevention of Bile Duct Injury: Definition of the Optimal Procedure in Difficult Operative Conditions","volume":"222","author":"Strasberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-08096-0","article-title":"Laparoscopic Subtotal Cholecystectomy: Comparison of Reconstituting and Fenestrating Techniques","volume":"35","author":"Koo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1089\/lps.1992.2.157","article-title":"Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9941.140216","article-title":"Laparoscopic Approach Is Safe and Effective in the Management of Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Kamalesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Minimal Access Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.12.005","article-title":"Preoperative Diagnosis and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Procedures in the Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"204","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5300-4","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2013 May Be Too Restrictive and Patients with Moderate and Severe Acute Cholecystitis Can Be Managed by Early Cholecystectomy Too","volume":"31","author":"Amirthalingam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1159\/000525557","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Is There a Place for Minimally Invasive Surgery?","volume":"38","author":"Gulla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Visc. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.1016","article-title":"Surgical Outcome of Mirizzi Syndrome: Value of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Laparoscopic Procedures","volume":"28","author":"Yeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00129689-200002000-00003","article-title":"The Management of Mirizzi Syndrome in the Laparoscopic Era","volume":"10","author":"Chowbey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2626","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-0966-5","article-title":"The \u201cinside Approach of the Gallbladder\u201d Is an Alternative to the Classic Calot\u2019s Triangle Dissection for a Safe Operation in Severe Cholecystitis","volume":"24","author":"Hubert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07785-0","article-title":"Safety and Feasibility of Laparoscopic Approaches for the Management of Mirizzi Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07316-6","article-title":"Laparoscopic Management of Type II Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Senra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1030358","article-title":"Laparoscopic Treatment of Type III Mirizzi Syndrome by T-Tube Drainage","volume":"2016","author":"Acar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.4103\/jmas.JMAS_33_19","article-title":"Laparoscopic versus Open Surgical Management of Patients with Mirizzi\u2019s Syndrome: A Comparative Study","volume":"16","author":"Nag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Minimal Access Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2008.07.011","article-title":"Complications of Gallstones: The Mirizzi Syndrome, Gallstone Ileus, Gallstone Pancreatitis, Complications of \u201cLost\u201d Gallstones","volume":"88","author":"Zaliekas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-005-1072-2","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome and Gallbladder Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Prasad","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(97)90183-5","article-title":"High Coincidence of Mirizzi Syndrome and Gallbladder Carcinoma","volume":"121","author":"Redaelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M., Madhavan, S., Teo, F., Low, J., and Shelat, V. (2021). Perceptions of Singaporeans towards Informed Consent: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Singapore Med. J., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2021163"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7125","article-title":"Fluorescent Cholangiography Illuminating the Biliary Tree during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","volume":"97","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030006052097922","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520979224","article-title":"Application of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Cholangiography Using Indocyanine Green in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-08164-5","article-title":"Comparison of Indocyanine Green Dye Fluorescent Cholangiography with Intra-Operative Cholangiography in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.07.057","article-title":"Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Cholecystitis Using Direct Gallbladder Indocyanine Green Injection Fluorescence Cholangiography: A Case Report","volume":"57","author":"Nitta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(15)60380-0","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Management of Mirizzi Syndrome with Cholecystobiliary Fistula: The Value of Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Surgery","volume":"14","author":"Roux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.2001.02143.x","article-title":"Management of Mirizzi Syndrome: A New Surgical Approach","volume":"71","author":"Shah","year":"2001","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"473","article-title":"3D Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration with Primary Repair by Absorbable Barbed Suture Is Safe and Feasible","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2011.03.008","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome: 23-Year Mayo Clinic Experience","volume":"213","author":"Erben","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-69912016004005","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome Grades III and IV: Surgical Treatment","volume":"43","author":"Reverdito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Col\u00e9gio Bras. Cir."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6962090","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6962090","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management of a Challenging Biliary Disease","volume":"2018","author":"Clemente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3515","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20130183","article-title":"Effect of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Combined with Laparoscopy and Choledochoscopy on the Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"6434507","article-title":"Laparoscopic Resection of Cholecystocolic Fistula and Subtotal Cholecystectomy by Tri-Staple in a Type V Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"2016","author":"Acar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ciresp.2021.04.021","article-title":"Minimally Invasive Management of Mirizzi Syndrome Va: Case Series and Narrative Review of the Literature","volume":"100","author":"Pedraza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cir. Esp. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4911-0","article-title":"Laparoscopic Transfistulous Bile Duct Exploration for Mirizzi Syndrome Type II: A Simplified Standardized Technique","volume":"30","author":"Chuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07765-4","article-title":"One-Session Laparoscopic Management of Mirizzi Syndrome: Feasible and Safe in Specialist Units","volume":"35","author":"Nassar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5206-1","article-title":"LABEL Procedure: Laser-Assisted Bile Duct Exploration by Laparoendoscopy for Choledocholithiasis: Improving Surgical Outcomes and Reducing Technical Failure","volume":"31","author":"Ashrafian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v13.i12.571","article-title":"Choledochoscopy: An Update","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2018.94.2.106","article-title":"Single Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Patients with Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8672","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09369-6","article-title":"Single-Incision versus Four-Incision Laparoscopic Transfistulous Bile Duct Exploration for Mirizzi Syndrome Type II","volume":"36","author":"Chuang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2017.03.01","article-title":"The Emerging Role for Robotics in Cholecystectomy: The Dawn of a New Era?","volume":"7","author":"Zaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"HepatoBiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e3182724f9f","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Approach of Management for Mirizzi Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Tung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. Percutan. Tech."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-014-3529-3","article-title":"A Minimally Invasive Strategy for Mirizzi Syndrome: The Combined Endoscopic and Robotic Approach","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-016-3323-8","article-title":"Performing the Difficult Cholecystectomy Using Combined Endoscopic and Robotic Techniques: How I Do It","volume":"21","author":"Magge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.4389","article-title":"Comparative Safety of Robotic-Assisted vs Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy","volume":"158","author":"Kalata","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"224","article-title":"Awareness, Perception, Knowledge, and Attitude toward Robotic Surgery in a General Surgical Outpatient Clinic in Singapore, Asia","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.12.025","article-title":"Usefulness of Single-Operator Cholangioscopy-Guided Laser Lithotripsy in Patients with Mirizzi Syndrome and Cystic Duct Stones: Experience at a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"84","author":"Bhandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-010-1520-1","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-up after Peroral Cholangioscopy-Directed Lithotripsy in Patients with Difficult Bile Duct Stones, Including Mirizzi Syndrome: An Analysis of Risk Factors Predicting Stone Recurrence","volume":"25","author":"Tsuyuguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9526-22","article-title":"Mirizzi Syndrome Type IV Successfully Treated with Peroral Single-Operator Cholangioscopy-Guided Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy: A Case Report with Literature Review","volume":"61","author":"Kawai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/1\/12\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:19Z","timestamp":1760132359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/1\/12"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60010012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60010012","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}