{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:09:12Z","timestamp":1788998952340,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C4001779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C4001779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Depressive symptoms are prominent in both major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, comparative research on the network structure of depressive symptoms in these two diagnostic groups has been limited. This study aims to compare the network structure of depressive symptoms in MDD and BD, providing a deeper understanding of the depressive symptomatology of each disorder. Materials and Methods: The Zung Self-Rating Depressive Scale, a 20-item questionnaire, was administered to assess the depressive symptoms in individuals with MDD (n = 322) and BD (n = 516). A network analysis was conducted using exploratory graph analysis (EGA), and the network structure was analyzed using regularized partial correlation models. To validate the dimensionality of the Zung SDS, principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted. Centrality measures of the depressive symptoms within each group were assessed, followed by a network comparison test between the two groups. Results: In both diagnostic groups, the network analysis revealed four distinct categories, aligning closely with the PCA results. \u201cDepressed affect\u201d emerged as the most central symptom in both MDD and BD. Furthermore, non-core symptoms, \u201cPersonal devaluation\u201d in MDD and \u201cConfusion\u201d in BD, displayed strong centrality. The network comparison test did not reveal significant differences in the network structure between MDD and BD. Conclusions: The absence of significant differences in the network structures between MDD and BD suggests that the underlying mechanisms of depressive symptoms may be similar across these disorders. The identified central symptoms, including \u201cDepressed affect\u201d, in both disorders and the distinct non-core symptoms in each highlight the complexity of the depressive symptomatology. Future research should focus on validating these symptoms as therapeutic targets and incorporate various methodologies, including non-metric dimension reduction techniques or canonical analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T20:44:15Z","timestamp":1703450655000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Understanding of Depressive Symptomatology across Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: A Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7511-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyukjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5567-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwoo","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Shin","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daseul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeona","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Hyon","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungkyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woojae","family":"Myung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3095","article-title":"The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)","volume":"289","author":"Kessler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.543","article-title":"Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication","volume":"64","author":"Merikangas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. 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